遗迹化石三维重建研究新进展NEW ADVANCES IN THE THREE-DEMENSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION OF TRACE FOSSILS
丁奕,时敏敏,刘祎楠
摘要(Abstract)：
遗迹化石的鉴定与分类是遗迹学研究的基础,而形态特征则是鉴定遗迹化石的关键。表生遗迹和底生遗迹在岩层面上就可以清楚了解其形态;但内生遗迹往往很难直接观察到其三维空间展布形态,从而给鉴定及后续研究带来了困难。因此,内生遗迹化石的三维形态研究历来是遗迹学研究的难点。以往的研究一般通过样品的连续切片获取内生遗迹的形态信息,完成对内生遗迹的三维重建。随着科技的日新月异,各种新方法陆续被应用到遗迹化石的研究中,使内生遗迹化石三维形态的高精度重建成为可能。X射线成像技术可以识别内生遗迹与围岩岩性的差异,其与连续切片相结合,可以更精确的重建内生遗迹的三维形态。核磁共振成像技术在遗迹化石研究中的应用,首次实现了内生遗迹化石三维空间形态的无损成像。笔者首次尝试利用X射线断层成像技术对内生遗迹化石进行了三维重建,也取得了良好的效果。另外,同步辐射X射线相衬显微断层成像技术近年来已成为实体化石无损三维显微成像研究的最佳方法,但还未应用于研究遗迹化石,该技术可望成为内生遗迹化石三维可视化研究的重要方法。
关键词(KeyWords)： 遗迹化石;三维重建;核磁共振成像;X射线成像;X射线断层成像
基金项目(Foundation): 国家科技部973项目(2011CB808905);; 国家基金委重大项目(No.41290260)联合资助
作者(Author): 丁奕,时敏敏,刘祎楠
DOI: 10.19839/j.cnki.dcxzz.2016.04.008
参考文献(References)：
- 陈世杰,赵淑萍,马巍,杜玉霞,刑莉莉.2013.利用CT扫描技术进行冻土研究的现状和展望.冰川冻土,35(1):193-200.
- 范德廉,陈志明,刘铁兵.1986.X射线照像术在泥质岩岩石学研究中的应用.沉积学报,4(2):121-125.
- 范若颖,龚一鸣.2014.海相遗迹学的成就、问题与展望.古地理学报,16(6):878-896.
- 高丽娜,陈文革.2009.CT技术的应用发展及前景.CT理论与应用研究,18(1):99-109.
- 龚一鸣,胡斌,卢宗盛,齐永安,张国成.2009.中国遗迹化石研究80年.古生物学报,48(3):322-337.
- 苟量,王绪本,曹辉.2002.X射线成像技术的发展现状和趋势.成都理工学院学报,29(2):227-231.
- 李大庆.1990.云南梅树村震旦系边界层水平状遗迹化石形态功能分析和环境意义.矿物岩石,10(4):29-35.
- 刘瑜,宋永臣,赵佳飞,蒋兰兰,李清平,喻西崇.2011.多孔介质断面可视化与孔隙度测量的MRI方法.测试技术学报,25(3):195-199.
- 牛永斌,钟建华,胡斌.2008.小尺度地质体三维建模研究---以遗迹化石Chondrites和岩心三维建模为例.古地理学报,10(2):207-214.
- 苏秀云,刘蜀彬.2011.Mimics软件临床应用.北京:人民军医出版社.1-294.
- 吴秀杰,刘武,董为,阙介民,王燕芳.2008.柳江人头骨化石的CT扫描与脑形态特征.科学通报,53(13):1570-1575.
- 星耀武,刘裕生,苏涛,周浙昆.2010.X-射线CT扫描技术在中新世松属球果化石研究中的应用.古生物学报,49(1):133-137.
- 杨式溥,张建平,杨美芳.2004.中国遗迹化石.北京:科学出版社.1-353.
- 殷宗军,朱茂炎,肖体乔.2009.同步辐射X射线相衬微CT在古生物学中的应用.物理,7(38):504-510.
- 殷宗军,黎刚,朱茂炎.2014.两种微体化石三维无损成像技术的对比.微体古生物学报,31(4):440-452.
- 张锋,王小娟,王向东.2004.新疆早二叠世阿克苏柯坪珊瑚的种内变异.古生物学报,43(4):579-585.
- 张建平,李明路.2000.遗迹学研究现状及在层序地层学中的应用潜力.沉积学报,18(3):389-394.
- 张建平,吴业因,杨式溥,薛叔浩.2000.根据遗迹化石确定台北凹陷中侏罗世湖岸带.石油勘探与开发,27(3):33-35.
- Backer P G.1978.A technique for the accurale reconstruction of internal structures of micromorphic fossils.Palaeontology,19:565-584.
- Bednarz M&Mcllroy D.2009.Three-dimensional reconstruction of"Phycosiphoniform"burrows:implications for indentification of trace fossils in core.Palaeontologia Electronica,12(3):1-15.
- Bouma A H.1964.Notes on X-ray interpretation of marine sediments.Marine Geology,2(4):278-309.
- Bromley R G.1990.Trace fossil:biology,taphonomy.London:Cambridge University Press.1-349.
- Brown M A&Semelka R C.1999.MRI:basic principles and applications.New Jersey:John wiley&Sons.1-245.
- Conroy G C&Vannier M W.1984.Noninvasive three-dimensional computer imaging of matrix-filled fossil skulls by high-resolution computed tomography.Science,226(4673):456-458.
- Conroy G C,Vannier M W&Tobias P V.1990.Endocranial features of Australopithecus africanus revealed by 2-and 3-D computed tomography.Science,247(4944):838-841.
- Conroy G C,Weber G W,Seidler H,Tobias P V,Kane A&Brunsden B.1998.Endocranial capacity in an early hominid cranium from Sterkfontein,South Africa.Science,280(5370):1730-1731.
- Hammer.1999.Computer-based study of growth paterns in tabulate corals,exemplified by Catenipora heintzi from Ringerike,Oslo Region.Norsk Geogisk Tidsskrift,79:219-226.
- Hohenstein P.2004.X-ray imaging for palaeontology.The British Journal of Radiology,77:420-425.
- Giedd J N,Blumenthal J,Jeffries N O,Castellanos F X,Liu H,Zijdenbos A,Paus T,Evan C&Rapoport J L.1999.Brain development during childhood and adolescence:a longitudinal MRIstudy.Nature Neuroscience,2(10):861-863.
- Gingras M K,MacMillan B,Balcom B J,Saunders T&Pemberton SG.2002.Using magnetic resonance imaging and petrographic techniques to understand the textural attributes and porosity distribution in Macaronichnus-burrowed sandstone.Journal of Sedimentary Research,72(4):552-558.
- Ketcham R A&Carlson W D.2001.Acquisition,optimization and interpretation of X-ray computed tomographic imagery:applications to the geosciences.Computers&Geosciences,27(4):381-400.
- Kühl G,Briggs D E G&Rust J.2009.A great appendage arthropod with a radial mouth from the Lower Devonian Hunsrück Slate,Germany.Science,323:771-773.
- Landing E,Peng S,Babcock L E,Geyer G&Moczydlowska-Vidal M.2007.Global standard names for the lowermost Cambrian series and stage.Episodes,30(4):287-289.
- L9wemark L&Werner F.2001.Dating errors in high-resolution stratigraphy:a detailed X-ray radiography and AMS-14 C study of Zoophycos burrows.Marine Geology,177:191-198.
- L9wemark L&Schfer P.2003.Ethological implications from a detailed X-ray radiograph and 14 C study of the modern deep-sea Zoophycos.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,192(1):101-121.
- L9wemark L,Lin H&Santhein M.2006.Temporal variations of the trace fossil Zoophycos in a 425ka long sediment record from the South China Sea:implications for the ethologhy of the Zoophycos producer.Geological Magazine,143(1):105-114.
- L9wemark L.2012.Ethological analysis of the trace fossil Zoophycos:Hints from the Aretic Ocean.Lethaia,45:290-298.
- Matwiyoff N A.1990.Magnetic Resonance Workshop.New York:Raven Press.1-120.
- Miller WⅢ,2007.Trace fossils:concepts,problems,prospects.Amsterdam:Elsevier.1-611.
- Naruse H&Nifuku K.2008.Three-dimensional morphology of the ichnofossil Phycosiphon incertum and its implication for paleoslope inclination.Palaios,23:270-279.
- Perrichot V,Marion L,Néraudeau D,Vullo R&Tafforeau P.2008.The early evolution of feathers:fossil evidence from Cretaceous amber of France.Proceedings of the Royal Society(Biological Sciences),275(1639):1197-1202.
- Prossinger H,Seidler H,Wicke L,Weaver D,Recheis W,Stringer C&Müller G B.2003.Electronic removal of encrustations inside the Steinheim cranium reveals paranasal sinus features and deformations,and provides a revised endocranial volume estimate.The Anatomical Record Part B(The New Anatomist),273(1):132-142.
- Seilacher A.2007.Trace fossil analysis.Berlin and Heidelberg:Springer.1-226.
- Sollas I B J&Sollas W J.1913.A study of the skull of a Dicynodon by means of serial sections.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London,157:173-186.
- Sutton M D,Briggs D E G,Siveter D J&Derek J.2001.An exceptionally preserved vermiform mollusc from the Silurian of England.Nature,410:461-463.
- Swider P,Conroy M,Pédrono A,Ambard D,Mantell S,Sballe K&Bechtold J E.2007.Use of high-resolution MRI for investigation of fluid flow and global permeability in a material with interconnected porosity.Journal of Biomechanics,40(9):2112-2118.
- Tafforeau P,Boistel R,Boller E,Bravin A,Brunet M,Chaimanee Y,Cloetens P,Feist M,Hoszowska J,Jaeger J J,Kay R F,Lazzari V,Marivaux L,Nel A,Memoz C,Thibault X,Vignaud P&Zabler S.2006.Applications of X-ray synchrotron microtomography for non-destructive 3Dstudies of paleontological specimens.Applied Physics A,Materials Science&Processing,83:195-202.
- Tobias P V.2001.Re-creating ancient hominid virtual endocasts by CT-scanning.Clinical Anatomy,14:134-141.
- Turnbull L,Brown S,Harvey I,Olivier C,Drew P,Napp V,Hanby A&Brown J.2007.Comparative effectiveness of MRI in breast cancer(COMICE)trial:a randomised controlled trial.The Lancet,375(9714):563-571.
- Tzourio-Mazoyer N,Landeau B,Papathanassiou D,Papathanassiou F,Crivello F,Etard O,Deicroix N,Mazoyer B&Joliot M.2002.Automated anatomical labeling of activations in SPM U-sing a Macroscopic Anatomical Parcellation of the MNI MRISingle-Subject Brain.Neuroimage,15(1):273-289.
- Yin Z J,Zhu M Y,Tafforeau P,Chen J Y,Liu P J&Li G.2013.Early embryogenesis of potential bilaterian animals with polar lobe formation from the Ediacaran Weng'an biota,South China.Precambrian Research,225:44-57
- Yin Z J,Zhu M Y,Davidson E H,Bottjer D J,Zhao F C&Tafforeau P.2015.Sponge grade body fossil with cellular resolution dating 60 Myr before the Cambrian.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,Online March,2015.