贵州关刀剖面中-晚三叠世之交牙形石生物地层再研究RESTUDY ON CONODONT BIOSTRATIGRAPHY ACROSS THE MIDDLE-LATE TRIASSIC BOUNDARY AT THE GUANDAO SECTION, GUIZHOU, SOUTH CHINA
覃斌贤,江海水,陈龑,吴先浪
摘要(Abstract):
贵州省南部关刀地区在三叠纪位于南盘江盆地内的大贵州滩北西缘,属于碳酸盐台地边缘斜坡相沉积环境。关刀剖面因产出丰富的三叠纪牙形石而备受关注,前人已对该剖面的牙形石进行了详细的报道。本文在前人研究的基础上,详细重建了关刀剖面中-晚三叠世之交的牙形石序列,识别出安尼期晚期至卡尼期早期的8个牙形石间隔带,由下至上分别为:Neogondolella cornuta带、Budurovignathus truempyi带、Budurovignathus hungaricus带、Budurovignathus mungoensis带、Paragondolella inclinata带、Paragondolella foliata带、Quadralella polygnathiformis带和Quadralella intermedius带。其中,Paragondolella foliata带和Quadralella intermedius带首次识别于该剖面。据此,本文重新厘定了该剖面拉丁阶的底界和顶界。其中,以Budurovignathus truempyi的首现为标志,将拉丁阶的底界下移了14.8 m;以Budurovignathus mungoensis的首现为标志划分出了拉丁阶内Fassanian与Longobardian亚阶的界线;以Quadralella intermedius的首现代替Quadralella polygnathiformis的首现作为拉丁阶顶界的标志,将该剖面的上三叠统底界下移了10.2 m。
关键词(KeyWords): 牙形石;生物地层;三叠纪;间隔带;贵州南部
基金项目(Foundation): 国家自然科学基金(41830320、41972033);; 科技部基础性工作专项(2015FY310100-11)共同资助
作者(Author): 覃斌贤,江海水,陈龑,吴先浪
DOI: 10.19839/j.cnki.dcxzz.2023.0019
参考文献(References):
- 董致中,王伟.2006.云南牙形类动物群:相关生物地层及生物地理区研究[M].昆明:云南科技出版社.
- 江海水,陈龑,刘芬.2018.贵州海相拉丁阶-卡尼阶界线研究展望[J].地球科学,43(11):147-154.
- 孙作玉,郝维城,江大勇.2005.贵州三叠系拉丁阶-卡尼阶界线层牙形石生物地层[J].地层学杂志,29(3):257-263.
- 田传荣.1983.西藏聂拉木县土隆村三叠纪牙形石[M]//青藏高原地质文集.北京:地质出版社,153-165.
- 童金南,楚道亮,梁蕾,舒文超,宋海军,宋婷,宋虎跃,吴玉样.2019.中国三叠纪综合地层和时间框架[J].中国科学:地球科学,49(1):194-226.
- 童金南,殷鸿福.2015.三叠纪年代地层与中国建阶[J].地球科学(中国地质大学学报),40(2):189-197.
- 王成源.1991.中国三叠纪牙形刺生物地层[J].地层学杂志,15(4):311-312.
- 王成源,康沛泉,王志浩.1998.以牙形刺确定胡氏贵州龙(Kueichousaurus hui Yang)层的时代[J].微体古生物学报,15(2):196-198.
- 王成源,郎嘉彬.2019.三叠系的阶与牙形刺生物地层[J].世界地质,(1):20-33.
- 王成源,王志浩.1976.珠穆朗玛峰地区科学考察报告(1966-1968),古生物,第二分册[M].北京:科学出版社.
- 王红梅,王兴理,李荣西,魏家庸.2005.贵州罗甸边阳镇关刀剖面三叠纪牙形石序列及阶的划分[J].古生物学报,44(4):611-626.
- 王伟,赵云江,董致中,刘军平,宋冬虎.2019.云南保山地区中-晚三叠世Budurovignathus及Pseudofurnishius牙形类动物群的发现及意义[J].沉积与特提斯地质,39(2):54-59.
- 王义刚.1983.黔西南法郎组(Ladinian-E.Carnian)菊石[J].古生物学报,22(2):153-162.
- 王志浩,戴进业.1981.四川江油、北川地区三叠纪牙形刺[J].古生物学报,20(2):46-105.
- 王志浩,钟端.1990.滇东、黔西和桂北不同相区的三叠纪牙形刺生物地层[J].地层学杂志,14(1):15-35.
- 武桂春,姚建新,纪占胜.2007.西藏冈底斯西段措勤地区三叠纪牙形石生物地层特征[J].地质通报,26(8):939-946.
- 杨守仁,郝维城,江大勇.2002.贵州省六枝县郎岱“法郎组”的牙形石及其时代意义[J].地质论评,48(6):586-592.
- 杨守仁,郝维城,王新平.1999.中国三叠纪不同相区的牙形石序列[M]//中国古特提斯生物及地质变迁.北京:北京大学出版社,97-112.
- 杨守仁,刘疆,张明发.1995.贵州西南部“法郎组”牙形石及其时代[J].地层学杂志,19(3):161-170.
- 杨遵仪,李子舜,曲立范,卢重明,周蕙琴,周统顺,刘桂芳,刘本培,吴瑞棠.1982.中国的三叠系[J].地质学报,(1):1-23.
- 姚伦淇.1987.中国三叠纪含牙形刺地层[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版),15(4):84-94.
- 殷鸿福.1982.中国的拉丁阶问题[J].地质论评,28(3):235-239.
- 张再天,孙亚东,赖旭龙.2018.西南地区晚三叠世卡尼期牙形石研究进展[J].地球科学,43(11):3955-3975.
- Balini M,Germani D,Nicora A,Rizzi E.2000.Ladinian/Carnian ammonoids and conodonts from the classic Schilpario-Pizzo Camino area (Lombardy):revaluation of the biostratigraphic support to chronostratigraphy and paleogeography[J].Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia,106(1):19-5.
- Balini M,Krystyn L,Torti V.1998.In Search of the Ladinian/Carnian Boundary:Perspectives from Spiti (Tethys Himalaya)[J].Albertiana,21:1-5.
- Balini M,Lucas S G,Jenks J F.2010.Triassic ammonoid biostratigraphy:an overview[J].Geological Society,London,Special Publications,334(1):221-262.
- Bandel K,Waksmundzki B.1985.Triassic conodonts from Jordan[J].Acta Geologica Polonica,35(3-4):288-304.
- Baud A,Plasencia P,Hirsch F,Richoz S.2016.Revised middle Triassic stratigraphy of the Swiss Prealps based on conodonts and correlation to the Brian?onnais (Western Alps)[J].Swiss Journal of Geosciences,109(3):365-377.
- Bhargava O N,Krystyn L,Balini M,Lein R,Nicora A.2004.Revised litho-and sequence stratigraphy of the Spiti Triassic[J].Albertiana,30:21-39.
- Brack P,Nicora A.1998.Conodonts from the Anisian-Ladinian succession of Bagolino,Brescian Prealps (Brescia,Lombardy,Northern Italy)[J].Giornale di Geologia ser,3(60):314-325.
- Brack P,Rieber H,Nicora A,Mundil R.2005.The global boundary stratotype section and point (GSSP) of the Ladinian Stage (Middle Triassic) at Bagolino (Southern Alps,Northern Italy) and its implications for the Triassic time scale[J].Episodes,28(4):233-244.
- Budurov K.1973.Carinella n.gen.and revision of Gladigondolella genus(conodonta)[J].Comptes Rendus de l’Academie Bulgare des Sciences,26:799-802.
- Budurov K.1975.Paragondolella foliata sp.n.(Conodonta) von der Trias des Ost-Balkans[J].Rev.Bulg.Geol.Soc,36:79-81.
- Budurov K,Stefanov S.1965.Gattung Gondolella aus der Trias Bulgariens[J].Acadamie Bulgare des Sciences:Travaux Geologie de Bulgare,series Paleontologie,7:115-127.
- Budurov K,Stefanov S.1972.Platform-Condonten und ihre Zonen in der Mittleren Trias Bulgariens[J].Mitteilungen Gesell Geologischen Bergbaustud,21:829-863.
- Buryi I G.1996.Triassic conodonts from the cherts of Nadanhada Range,Northeast China[J].Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica,13(2):207-214.
- Buser S,Kolar-Jurkovsek T,Jurkovsek B.2007.Triasni konodonti Slovenskega bazena[J].Geologija,50(1):19-28.
- Chen Y L,Krystyn L,Orchard M J.2016.A review of the evolution,biostratigraphy,provincialism and diversity of Middle and early Late Triassic conodonts[J].Papers in Palaeontology,2(2):235-263.
- Chen Y L,Lukeneder A,Hautmann M.2017.Late Triassic (Julian) conodont biostratigraphy of a transition from reefal limestones to deep-water environments on the Cimmerian terranes (Taurus Mountains,southern Turkey)[J].Papers in Palaeontology,3(3):441-460.
- Diebel K.1956.Conodonten in der Oberkreide von Kamerun[J].Geologie5(4-5):424-450.
- Druckman Y.1974.Triassic Paleogeography of Southern Israel and the Sinai Peninsula[M].Berlin:Springer.
- Gaetani M,Me?o S,Rettori R,Henderson C M,Tulone A.2015.The Permian and Triassic in the Albanian Alps[J].Acta Geologica Polonica,65(3):271-295.
- Gallet Y,Krystyn L,Besse J.1998.Upper Anisian to Lower Carnian magnetostratigraphy from the northern calcareous Alps (Austria)[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,103(B1):605-621.
- Gedik I.1977.Orta Toroslar'da konodont biyostratigrafisi[J].Bul?etin of the Ge?logical Boclety of Turkey,20:35-48.
- Golding M L.2021.Early Anisian (Middle Triassic) Conodonts from Romania and China,with Comments on Their Role in the Recognition and Correlation of the Base of the Anisian[J].Journal of Earth Science,32(3):573-591.
- Golding M L,Orchard M J.2016.New species of the conodont Neogondolella from the Anisian (Middle Triassic) of northeastern British Columbia,Canada,and their importance for regional correlation[J].Journal of Paleontology,90(6):1197-1211.
- Golding M L,Orchard M J.2018.Magnigondolella,a new conodont genus from the Triassic of North America[J].Journal of Paleontology,92(2):207-220.
- Hayashi S.1968.The Permian conodonts in chert of the Aoyama Formation,Ashio Mountains,Central Japan[J].Chikyu Kagaku,22:63-77.
- Hirsch F.1971.Conodontes nouvelles du Trias méditerranéen[J].Compte Rendu des Seances de la Sociétéde Physique et d’Historie Naturelle de Genève,6:65-69.
- Hirsch F.1972.Middle Triassic conodonts from Israel,southern France and Spain[J].Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft der Geologie-und Bergbaustudenten,21:811-828.
- Hirsch F,Gerry E.1974.Conodont-and Ostracode-Biostratigraphy of the Triassic in Israel[M].Berlin:Springer.
- Horacek M,Koike T,Richoz S.2009.Lower Triassic δ13C isotope curve from shallow-marine carbonates in Japan,Panthalassa realm:Confirmation of the Tethys δ13C curve[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,36(6):481-490.
- Hornung T,Spatzenegger A,Joachimski M M.2007.Multistratigraphy of condensed ammonoid beds of the Rappoltstein (Berchtesgaden,southern Germany):unravelling palaeoenvironmental conditions on‘Hallstatt deep swells’during the Reingraben Event (Late Lower Carnian)[J].Facies,53(2):267-292.
- Hounslow M W,Muttoni G.2010.The geomagnetic polarity timescale for the Triassic:linkage to stage boundary definitions[J].Geological Society,London,Special Publications,334(1):61-102.
- Huckriede R.1958.Die Conodonten der mediterranen Trias und ihr stratigraphischer Wert[J].Pal?ontologische Zeitschrift,32(3-4):141-175.
- Igo H.1989.Mixed Conodont Elements from Hachiman Town,Mino Terrane,Central Japan[J].Palaeontological Society of Japan,(156):270-285.
- Ishida K,Hirsch F.2011.The Triassic conodonts of the NW Malayan Kodiang Limestone revisited:Taxonomy and paleogeographic significance[J].Gondwana Research,19(1):22-36.
- Jelaska V,Kolar-Jurkov?ek T,Jurkov?ek B,Cu?i?I.2003.Triassic beds in the basement of the Adriatic-Dinaric carbonate platform of Mt.Svilaja(Croatia)[J].Geologija,46(2):225-230.
- Jiang H S,Yuan J L,Chen Y,Ogg J G,Yan J X.2019.Synchronous onset of the Mid-Carnian Pluvial Episode in the East and West Tethys:Conodont evidence from Hanwang,Sichuan,South China[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,520:173-180.
- Koike T,Kodachi Y,Matsuno T,Baba H.1991.Triassic conodonts from exotic blocks of limestone in northern Kuzuu,the Ashio Mountains[J].Science Reports of the Yokohama National University,38:53-69.
- Kolar-Jurkov?ek T,Jurkov?ek B.2022.Conodont of Slovenia[R].The 5th International Conodont Symposium.
- Kozur H.1972.Die Conodontengattung Metapolygnathus HAYASHI 1968und ihr stratigraphischer Wert[J].Palaonotologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck,2:1-35.
- Kozur H.1989.Significance of events in conodont evolution for the Permian and Triassic stratigraphy[J].Courier Forschungs institut Senckenberg,117:358-408.
- Kozur H.2003.Integrated ammonoid,conodont and radiolarian zonation of the Triassic and some remarks to Stage/Substage subdivision and the numeric age of the Triassic stages[J].Albertiana,28:57-74.
- Kozur H,Krainer K,Mostler H.1994.Middle Triassic conodonts from the Southern Karawanken Mountains (Southern Alps) and their stratigraphic importance[J].Geologische Pal?ontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck,19:165-200.
- Kozur H,Mock R.1972.Neue Conodonten aus der Trias der Slowakei und ihre stratigraphische Bedeutung[J].Geologische Pal?ontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck,2(4):1-20.
- Kozur H,Mostler H.1971.Probleme der Conodontenforschung in der Trias[J].Geologische Pal?ontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck,1(4):1-19.
- Kovács S.1983.On the evolution of excelsa-stock in the Upper LadinianCarnian (conodonta,genus Gondolella,Triassic)[J].Schriftenreihe der Erdwissenschaftlichen Kommissionen,5:107-120.
- Kovács S.1994.Conodonts of stratigraphical importance from the Anisian/Ladinian boundary interval of the Balaton Highland,Hungary[J].Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia,99(4):473-514.
- Kovács S,Kozur H.1980.Stratigraphische Reichweite der wichtigsten Conodonten (ohne Zahnreihenconodonten) der Mittel-und Obertrias[J].Geologische Pal?ontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck,10(2):47-78.
- Kovács S,Kozur H,Mietto P.1980.Gondolella pseudolonga n.sp.(Conodontophorida) an important Lower Ladinian guide form[J].Geologische Pal?ontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck,10(6):217-221.
- Kovács S,Less G,PirosO.1989.Triassic formations of the AggtelekRudabánya Mountains (Northeastern Hungary)[J].Acta Geologica Hungarica,32(1-2):31-63.
- Kovács S,PapsováJ.1986.Conodonts from the Paraceratites binodosus zone (Middle Triassic) from the Mecsek Mts.,southern Hungary and from the Choc Nappe of the Low Tatra Mts[J].Czechoslovakia,Geologicky Zbornik,37(1):59-74.
- Krystyn L.1973.Zur Ammoniten-und Conodonten-Stratigraphie der Hallst?tter Obertrias (Salzkammergut,?sterreich)[J].Verhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt,1:113-153.
- Krystyn L.1983.The Epidauros Section (Greece):a contribution to the conodont standard zonation of the Ladinian and Lower Carnian of the Tethys Realm[J].Schriftenr Erdwiss Komm Osterr Akad Wiss,5:231-258.
- Krystyn L,Balini M,Nicora A.2004.Lower and Middle Triassic stage and substage boundaries in Spiti[J].Albertiana,30:40-53.
- Lai X L,Mei S L.2000.On zonation and evolution of Permian and Triassic conodonts[J].Developments in Palaeontology&Stratigraphy,18:371-392.
- Lehrmann D J,Ramezani J,Bowring S A,Martin M W,Montgomery P,Enos P,Payne J L,Orchard M J,Wang H M,Wei J R.2006.Timing of recovery from the end-Permian extinction:Geochronologic and biostratigraphic constraints from south China[J].Geology,33(12):1053-1056.
- Lehrmann D J,Enos P,Payne J L,Montgomery P,Wei J R,Yu Y Y,Xiao JF,Orchard M J.2005.Permian and Triassic depositional history of the Yangtze platform and Great Bank of Guizhou in the Nanpanjiang basin of Guizhou and Guangxi,south China[J].Albertiana,33(1):149-168.
- Lehrmann D J,Payne J L,Felix S V,Dillett P M,Wang H M,Yu Y Y,Wei JR.2003.Permian-Triassic Boundary Sections from Shallow-Marine Carbonate Platforms of the Nanpanjiang Basin,South China:Implications for oceanic conditions associated with the end-Permian extinction and its aftermath[J].Palaios,18:138-152.
- Lehrmann D J,Stepchinski L,Altiner D,Orchard M J,Montgomery P,Enos P,Ellwood B B,Bowring S A,Ramezani J,Wang H M,Wei J R,Yu MY,Griffiths J D,Minzoni M,Schaal E K,Li X W,Meyer K M,Payne JL.2015.An integrated biostratigraphy (conodonts and foraminifers)and chronostratigraphy (paleomagnetic reversals,magnetic susceptibility,elemental chemistry,carbon isotopes and geochronology) for the Permian-Upper Triassic strata of Guandao section,Nanpanjiang Basin,south China[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,108:117-135.
- Lehrmann D J,Summers M,Rego B L.1998.Controls on facies architecture of a large Triassic carbonate platform;the Great Bank of Guizhou,Nanpanjiang Basin,South China[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,68(2):311-326.
- Li M S,Huang C J,Hinnov L,Chen W Z,Ogg J,Tian W.2018.Astrochronology of the Anisian stage (Middle Triassic) at the Guandao reference section,South China[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,482:591-606.
- Maron M,Muttoni G,Rigo M,Gianolla P,Kent D V.2019.New magnetobiostratigraphic results from the Ladinian of the Dolomites and implications for the Triassic geomagnetic polarity timescale[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,517:52-73.
- Mastandrea A.1995.Carnian conodonts from upper Triassic strata of Tamarin section (San Cassiano Fm.,Dolomites,Italy)[J].Retour Au Numéro,100(1994):493-510.
- Mazza M,Furin S,Sp?tl C,Rigo M.2010a.Generic turnovers of Carnian/Norian conodonts:Climatic control or competition?[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,290(1-4):120-137.
- Mazza M,Rigo M,Gullo M.2012.Taxonomy and biostratigraphic record of the Upper Triassic conodonts of the Pizzo Mondello section (western Sicily,Italy),GSSP candidate for the base of the Norian[J].Rivista Italiana di Paleonrologia e Stratigrafra,118(1):85-130.
- Mazza M,Rigo M,Nicora A.2010b.A new Metapolygnathus platform conodont species and its implications for Upper Carnian global correlations[J].Acta Palaeontologica Polonica,56(1):121-131.
- Me?o S.1999.Conodont Biostratigraphy of Trassic Pelagic Strata,Albania[J].Rivista Italiana di Paleonrologia e Stratigrafra tavole,105(2):251-266.
- Metcalfe I.1990.Triassic conodont biostratigraphy in the Malay Peninsula[J].Geological Society of Malaysia Bulletin,26:133-145.
- Metcalfe I.1992.Upper Triassic conodonts from the Kodiang Limestone,Kedah,Peninsular Malaysia[J].Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Ences,7(2-3):131-138.
- Meyer K.M,Yu M,Jost A B,Kelley B M,Payne J L.2011.δ13C evidence that high primary productivity delayed recovery from end-Permian mass extinction[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,302(3-4):378-384.
- Mietto P,Buratti N,Cirilli S,Dezanche V D,Gianolla P,Manfrin S,Nicora A,Preto N,Rigo M,Roghi G.2007.New constraints for the LadinianCarnian boundary in the Southern Alps.New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science[J].A Division of Cultural,41:275-281.
- Mietto P,Manfrin S,Preto N,Rigo M,Roghi G,Furin S,Gianolla P,Posenato R,Muttoni G,Nicora A,Buratti N,Cirilli S,Sp?tl C,Ramezani J,Bowring S A.2012.The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Carnian Stage (Late Triassic) at Prati di Stuores/Stuores Wiesen Section (Southern Alps,NE Italy)[J].Episodes,35:414.
- Missoni S.Gawlick H J,Sudar M N,Jovanovi?D,Lein R.2012.Onset and demise of the Wetterstein Carbonate Platform in the mélange areas of the Zlatibor Mountain (Sirogojno,SW Serbia)[J].Facies,58(1):95-111.
- Mojsisovics E V,Waagen W H,Diener C.1895.Entwurf einer Gliederung der pelagischen Sedimente des Trias-Systems[J].Sitzungberichte Akademie Wissenschaften Wien,104:1271-1304.
- Mosher L C.1968.Triassic Conodonts from Western North America and Europe and Their Correlation[J].Journal of Paleontology,42(4):895-946.
- Muttoni G,Kent D V,Brack P,Nicora A,Balini M.1997.Middle Triassic magnetostratigraphy and biostratigraphy from the Dolomites and Greece[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,146(1-2):107-120.
- Muttoni G,Mazza M,Mosher D,Katz M E,Kent D V,Balini M.2014.AMiddle-Late Triassic (Ladinian-Rhaetian) carbon and oxygen isotope record from the Tethyan Ocean[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,399:246-259.
- Muttoni G,Nicora A,Brack P,Kent D.2004.Integrated Anisian-Ladinian boundary chronology[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,208(1-2):85-102.
- Nogami Y.1968.Trias-Conodonten von Timor,Malaysien und Japan(Palaeontological Study of Portuguese Timor,5)[J].Memoirs of the Faculty of Science,Kyoto University.Series of geology and mineralogy,36:115-135.
- Orchard M J.2005.Multielement Conodont Apparatuses of Triassic Gondolelloidea[J].Special Papers in Palaeontology,73:73-101.
- Orchard M J.2007.New conodonts and zonation,Ladinian-Carnian boundary beds,British Columbia,Canada[J].New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin,41:321-330.
- Orchard M J.2010.Triassic conodonts and their role in stage boundary definition[J].Geological Society,London,Special Publications334(1):139-161.
- Orchard M J,Balini M.2007.Conodonts from the Ladinian-Carnian boundary beds of South Canyon,New Pass Range,Nevada,USA[J].New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin,41:333-340.
- Orchard M J,Lehrmann D L,Wei J Y,Wang H M,Taylor H.2007.Conodonts from the Olenekian-Anisian boundary beds,Guandao,Guizhou Province,China[J].New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin,41:347-354.
- Orchard M J,Tozer T.1997.Triassic conodont biochronology,its calibration with the ammonoid standard,and a biostratigraphic summary for the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin[J].Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology,45(4):675-692.
- Payne J L,Lehrmann D J,Wei J Y,Knoll A H.2006.The pattern and timing of biotic recovery from the end-Permian extinction on the Great Bank of Guizhou,Guizhou Province[J].Palaios,21(1):63-85.
- Payne J L,Lehrmann D J,Wei J Y,Orchard M J,Schrag D P,Knoll A H.2004.Large perturbations of the carbon cycle during recovery from the end-Permian extinction[J].Science,305(5683):506-509.
- Payne J L,Summers M,Rego B L,Altiner D,Wei J R,Yu M Y,Lehrmann D L.2011.Early and Middle Triassic trends in diversity,evenness,and size of foraminifers on a carbonate platform in south China:implications for tempo and mode of biotic recovery from the end-Permian mass extinction[J].Paleobiology,37(3):409-425.
- Plasencia P.2009.Bioestratigrafía y paleobiología de conodontos del triásico medio del sector oriental de la Península Ibérica[M].Valencia:University of Valencia.
- Plasencia P,Aliaga A M,Valenzuela-Ríos J I.2004.Middle Triassic conodonts of Calanada (Iberian Range,Spain)[J].Revista Espa?ola de Micropaleontología,36(2):251-262.
- Plasencia P,Hirsch F,Sha J G,Márquez-Aliaga A.2015.Taxonomy and evolution of the Triassic conodont Pseudofurnishius[J].Acta Palaeontologica Polonica,60(2):385-394.
- Plasencia P,K?l??A M,Baud A,Sudar M,Hirsch F.2018.The evolutionary trend of platform denticulation in Middle Triassic acuminate Gondolellidae (Conodonta)[J].Turkish Journal of Zoology,42(2):187-197.
- Rigo M,Mazza M,Viktor K,Nicora A.2018.New Upper Triassic Conodont Biozonation of the Tethyan Realm[M].Berlin:Springer.
- Rigo M,Preto N,Roghi G,Tateo F,Mietto P.2007.A rise in the Carbonate Compensation Depth of western Tethys in the Carnian (Late Triassic):Deep-water evidence for the Carnian Pluvial Event[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,246(2-4):188-205.
- Simoni F.2013.Analisi biostratigrafica a conodonti della sezione di Sant'Otiero,Monti delle Madonie,Sicilia[J].Anno Accademico,1-31.
- Song H J,Wignall P B,Tong J N,Bond D P G,Song H Y,Lai X L,Zhang KX,Wang H M,Chen Y L.2012.Geochemical evidence from bio-apatite for multiple oceanic anoxic events during Permian-Triassic transition and the link with end-Permian extinction and recovery[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,353-354:12-21.
- Song H J,Wignall P B,Chen Z Q,Tong J N,Bond D P G,Lai X L,Zhao XM,Jiang H S,Yan C B,Niu Z J,Chen J,Yang H,Wang Y B.2011.Recovery tempo and pattern of marine ecosystems after the end-Permian mass extinction[J].Geology,39(8):739-742.
- Sun Y D,Wignall P B,Joachimski M M,Bond D P G,Grasby S E,Lai X L,Wang L N,Zhang Z T,Sun S.2016a.Climate warming,euxinia and carbon isotope perturbations during the Carnian (Triassic) Crisis in South China[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,444:88-100.
- Sun Z Y,Jiang D Y,Cheng J,Hao W C.2016b.Integrated biochronology for Triassic marine vertebrate faunas of Guizhou Province,South China[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,118(1):101-110.
- Sweet W C,Mosher L C,Clark D L,Collinson J W,Hasenmueller W A.1971.Conodont Biostratigraphy of the Triassic.S