白垩纪四足动物足印的生物地层学、生物年代学与遗迹相CRETACEOUS TETRAPOD FOOTPRINT BIOSTRATIGRAPHY,BIOCHRONOLOGY,AND ICHNOFACIES
Martin G.LOCKLEY,Spencer G.LUCAS,Masaki MATSUKAWA,Jerald D.HARRIS
摘要(Abstract):
从全球范围来看,白垩纪四足动物的足印多数是非鸟恐龙与鸟类留下的痕迹;少量足印来自翼龙、鳄鱼、龟、哺乳动物和其他四足动物。白垩纪的足迹化石以东亚(尤其是中国和朝鲜)和北美西部的最为人所知。南美(主要是阿根廷和巴西)也有一定数量广泛分布的足迹化石,欧洲、非洲与澳大利亚的白垩纪足迹组合则鲜为人知。以白垩纪四足动物的足印记录为基础,我们对两个全球足印生物年代重新进行了检查。早白垩世生物年代以蜥脚类与鸟脚类的足迹为特征。晚白垩世生物年代中的蜥脚类足迹较少,但是鸭嘴龙、暴龙和角龙的足迹增多了。另外,白垩纪足印化石的记录中记载了许多重要的生物地层学信息,如北美白垩纪中期蜥脚类恐龙的消失,以及白垩纪末恐龙的绝灭。越来越多来自东亚的白垩纪足印记录使我们对更精细的地方性白垩纪足印生物年代学有了初步印象。因此,以地方性四足恐龙(包括鸟类)遗迹属的地层分布为基础,可以识别出三个或四个足印生物年代。种类丰富并具有地方性特色的东亚的白垩纪鸟类动物的遗迹群,可能指示白垩纪时东亚存在着一个独特而繁盛的鸟类动物群。以足印化石为基础的这一假说有待进一步的验证。
关键词(KeyWords): 生物地层学;足印;四足动物;白垩纪;亚洲;北美洲;南美洲
基金项目(Foundation): 国家自然科学基金(No.91114201);; 国家重点基础研究发展计划(2012CB821906)资助出版
作者(Author): Martin G.LOCKLEY,Spencer G.LUCAS,Masaki MATSUKAWA,Jerald D.HARRIS
DOI: 10.19839/j.cnki.dcxzz.2012.02.022
参考文献(References):
- Aguirrezabala L M,Torres J A&Viera L I.1985.El Weald deIgea(Cameros—La Rioja).Sedimentología,bioestratigrafía ypaleoichnología de grandes reptiles(dinosaurios).Munibe,37:111-138
- Ahlbrandt T S,Huffman A C,Fox J E&Pasternack I.1979.Depositional framework and reservoir quality studies of selectedNanushuk Group outcrops,North Slope,Alaska.In:Ahlbrandt TS ed.Preliminary geologic,petrologic,and paleontologic resultsof the study of Nanushuk Group rocks,North Slope,Alaska,U.S.Geological Survey Circular,794:14-31
- Allain R,Taquet P,Battail B,Dejax J,Richir P,Veran M,SayarathP,Khenthavong B,Thamvirith P&Hom B.1997.Pistes dedinosaures dans les niveaux du Crétacéde Muong Phalane,province de Savannakeht(Laos).Comptes Rendus des Sciencesde la Terre et des Planètes,325:815-821
- Alonso R N.1989.Late Cretaceous dinosaur trackways in northernArgentina.In:Gillette D D&Lockley M G eds.Dinosaurtracks and traces.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.223-228
- Alonso R N&Marquillas R A.1986.Nueva localidad conhuellas de dinosaurios y primer hallazgo de huellas de Avesen la Formacion Yacoraite(Maastrichtiano)del norteArgentino.Actas IV Congreso Argentino de Paleontología yBioestratigrafía,Mendoza,2:33-41
- álvarez S et al.2000.El yacimiento de huellas de dinosaurios deHornillos de Cameors(La Rioja.Espa a).Zubía,18:73-95
- Ambroggi R&de Lapparent A F.1954.Les empreintes de pasfossiles du Maestrichtien d’Agadir.Notes et Mémoires duService de Mines et de Carte Geologique du Maroc,10:43-57
- Anfinson O A,Lockley M G,Kim S H,Kim K S&Kim J Y.2009.First report of the small bird track Koreanaornis from theCretaceous of North America:implications for avian ichnotaxonomy and paleoecology.Cretaceous Research,30:885894
- Ansorena P,Díaz-Martínez I&Pérez-Lorente F.2008.MinaVictoria(Navajún)y Valedeperillo(Cornago).Nuevosyacimientos de icnitas de dinosaurio en el Grupo de Urbión(Cuenca de Cameros.La Rioja.Espa a).Zubía,25-26:75-96
- Antunes M T.1976.Dinossáurios Eocretácicos de Lagosteiros.Ciências da Terra,1:7-35
- Antunes M T&Mateus O.2003.Dinosaurs of Portugal.ComptesRendus Palevol,2:77-95
- Apesteguía S&Gallina P A.2011.Tunasniyoj,a dinosaur tracksitefrom the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary of Bolivia.In:KellnerA W A&Tomida Y eds.Proceedings of the Third GondwanaDinosaur Symposium.Anais da Academia Brasileira deCiências,83:267-277
- AuquéSanz F,Blanco Tomas M J,Lapuente Mercadal M P,Mandado Collado J&Ortiga Castillo M.1986.Guía geológicade Teruel.I.Itinerarios por el Bajo Aragón.Aragón,Centro deProfesores.Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia.1-43
- Avnimelech M A.1966.Dinosaur tracks in the Judean Hills.Proceedings of the Israel Academy of Sciences and HumanitiesSection of Sciences,1:1-19
- Azuma Y.2003.Early Cretaceous vertebrate remains fromKatsuyama City,Fukui Prefecture,Japan.Memoir of the FukuiPrefectural Museum,2:17-21
- Azuma Y,Arakawa Y,Tomida Y&Currie P J.2002.EarlyCretaceous bird tracks from the Tetori Group,Fukui Prefecture,Japan.Memoir of the Fukui Prefectural Museum,1:1-6
- Azuma Y&Fujita M.2005.A report of a dinosaur footprint site inYangshang,Chaoyang,Liaoning Province,China.Memoir ofthe Fukui Prefectural Museum,4:45-48
- Azuma Y,Li D,Fujita M,Lee Y-N&Shibata M.2009.Didactylous digit trackways from the Early Cretaceous HekouGroup,Gansu Province,China.In:Lee Y N ed.Abstracts of2009Goseong International Dinosaur Symposium.Goseong:Goseong Dinosaur Museum.73-75
- Azuma Y,Li R,Currie P J,Dong Z,Shibata M&LüJ.2006.Dinosaur footprints from the Lower Cretaceous of InnerMongolia,China.Memoir of the Fukui Prefectural DinosaurMuseum,5:1-14
- Azuma Y&Takeyama K.1991.Dinosaur footprints from theTetori Group,central Japan:research of dinosaurs from theTetori Group(4).Bulletin of the Fukui Prefecture Museum,4:33-51
- Baird D.1989.Medial Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaur andfootprints from New Jersey.The Mosasaur,4:53-63
- Barco J L.2006.New data on Therangospodus oncalensis from theBerriasian Fuentesalvo Tracksite(Villar del Río,Soria,Spain):an example of gregarious behaviour in theropod dinosaurs.Ichnos,13:237-248
- Barco J L,Ardèvol L&Canudo J I.2001.Descripcíon de losprimeros rastros asignados a Hadrosauridae(Ornithopoda,Dinosauria)del Maatrichtiense de la Península Ibérica(Areny,Huesca).Geogaceta,30:235-238
- Barco J L,Canudo J I&Ruiz-Ome aca J I.2004.Presencia de laichnoasociación Megalosauripus-Therangospodus en elBerriasiense(Cretácico Inferior)de la Península Ibérica(Cuenca de Cameros,Soria):implicactiones paleobiogeográficas.Geo-Temas,6:15-18
- Barco J L,Canudo J I,Ruiz-Ome aca J I&Rubio J L.2005Evidencia icnológica de un dinosaurio teropodo gigante en eBerriansiense(Cretacico Inferior)de Laurasia(Las VillasecasSoria,Espa a).Revista Espa ol de Paleontología,N E,1059-71
- Bates K R,Rarity F,Manning P L,Hodgetts D,VilaB,Oms O,Galobart A&Gawthorpe R L.2008.High-resolution LiDARand photogrammetric survey of the Fumanya dinosaur tracksites(Catalonia):implications for the conservation and interpretationof geological heritage sites.Journal of the Geological Society ofLondon,165:115-127
- Beckles S H.1851.On supposed casts of footprints in the Wealden.Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London,7:117
- Bell C M&Suárez M.1989.Vertebrate fossils and trace fossils inthe Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous red beds in the Atacamaregion,Chile.Journal of South American Earth Sciences,2:351-357
- Bennett S C.1992.Reinterpretation of problematical tracks atClayton Lake State Park,New Mexico:not one pterosaur,butseveral crocodiles.Ichnos,2:37-42
- Bertini R J&Carvalho C M.2003.New tetrapod ichnotaxon(Unespichnium ornithopodianus)from the Jurassic BotucatuFormation,ParanáBasin,S o Paulo state,southeastern Brazil.A Paleontologia e Suas Aplica es:XVIII Congresso Brasileirode Paleontologia,Universidade de Brasília,13-18Julho,2003.72-73
- Billon-Bruyat J-P&Mazin J-M.2003.The systematic problem oftetrapod ichnotaxa:the case study of Pteraichnus Stokes,1957(Pterosauria,Pterodactyloidea).In:Buffetaut E&Mazin J-Meds.Evolution and palaeobiology of Pterosaurs.GeologicalSociety of London Special Publications,217:315-324
- Bird R T.1939.Thunder in his footsteps.Natural History,43:254-302
- Bird R T.1941.A dinosaur walks into the museum.NaturalHistory,47:74-81
- Bird R T.1944.Did Brontosaurus ever walk on land?NaturalHistory,53:60-69.
- Bird R T.1953.To capture a dinosaur isn’t easy.Natural History62:104-110
- Bird R T.1954.We captured a‘live’brontosaur.National Geographic Magazine,105:707-722
- Bird R T.1985.Bones for Barnum Brown:adventures of a Dinosaur Hunter.Fort Worth:Texas Christian University Press.1225
- Blanco M,Caro S,López A,Pérez-Lorente F,Requeta E&Romero M.2000.El yacimiento de icnitas de dinosaurio delCretácico Inferior de Las Losas(Enciso,La Rioja.Espa a).Zubía,18:97-138
- Bosellini A.2002.Dinosaurs“re-write”the geodynamics of theeastern Mediterranean and the paleogeography of the ApuliaPlatform.Earth-Science Reviews,59:211-234
- Browne G H.2009.First New Zealand record of probable dinosaurfootprints from the Late Cretaceous North Cape Formation,northwest Nelson.New Zealand Journal of Geology&Geophysics,52:367-377
- Calvo J O.1989.Nuevos hallazgos de huellas de dinosaurios en elAlbiano-Cenomaniano de la localidad de Picun Leufu,Provincia del Neuquen,Patagonia,Argentina.VI JornadasArgentinos de Paleontología de Verterbrados:68-70
- Calvo J O.1991.Huellas de dinosaurios en la Formacion RioLimay(Albiano-Cenomaniano?),Picun Leufu,Provincia deNeuquen,Republica Argentina.(Ornithischia-Saurischia:Sauropoda-Theropoda).Ameghiniana,28:241-258
- Calvo J O.1999.Dinosaurs and other vertebrates of the LakeEzequiel Ramos Mexia area,Neuquen—Patagonia,Argentina.In:Tomida Y,Rich T H&Vickers-Rich P eds.Proceedings ofthe Second Gondwana Dinosaur Symposium.National ScienceMuseum Monographs,15:13-45
- Calvo J O.2007.Ichnology.In:Gasparini Z,Salgado L&Coria RA eds.Patagonian Mesozoic reptiles.Bloomington:IndianaUniversity Press.314-334
- Calvo J O,Campos H B N,Kellner A W A&SaraivaA A F.2002.Floresta dos Borbas,a new locality with dinosaur tracks in theSousa Basin,Paraíba,Brazil.Arquivos do Museu Nacional,Riode Janeiro,60:277-284
- Calvo J O&Lockley M G.2001.The first pterosaur tracks fromGondwana.Cretaceous Research,22:585-590
- Calvo J O&Mazzetta G V.2004.Nuevos hallazgos de huellas dedinosaurios en la Formación Candeleros(Albiano-Ceno-maniano),Picún Leufú,Neuquén,Argentina.Ameghiniana,41545-554
- Carpenter K.1984.Skeletal reconstruction and life restoration ofSauropelta(Ankylosauria:Nodosauridae)from the Cretaceousof North America.Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences,21:1491-1498
- Carpenter K.1992.Behavior of hadrosaurs as interpreted fromfootprints in the“Mesaverde”Group(Campanian)of Colorado,Utah,and Wyoming.University of Wyoming Contributions toGeology,29:81-96
- Carrano M T&Wilson J A.2001.Taxon distributions and thetetrapod track record.Paleobiology,27:564-582
- Carvalho I.2001.Pegadas de dinossauros em depósitos estuarinos(Cenomaniano)da Bacia de S o Luís(MA),Brasil.In:deFátima Rossetti D,Góes A M&Truckenbrodt W eds.OCretáceo na Bacia de S o Luís-Grajaú.Belem,Museu ParaenseEmilio Goeldi.245-264
- Casamiquela R M.1964.Estudios Icnológicos:Problemas yMétodos de la Icnología con Aplicación al Estudio de PisadasMesozoicas(Reptilia,Mammalia)de la Patagonia.BuenosAires,Gobierno de la Prov.de Rio Negro,Ministerio deAsuntos Sociales.1-229
- Casamiquela R M&Fasola A.1968.Sobre pisadas de dinosauriosdel Cretácico Inferior de Colchagua(Chile).Universidad deChile,Facultad de Ciencias Fisicas y Matematicas,Departamento de Geología Publicación,30:1-24
- Casanovas Cladellas M L,Ezquerra Miguel R,Ortega A F,Pérez-Lorente F&SantaféLlopis J V.1990a.Huellas dedinosaurio en Soto de Cameros(La Rioja,Espa a).Zubía,8:49-71
- Casanovas Cladellas M L,Ezquerra Miguel R,Ortega A FPérez-Lorente F&SantaféLlopis J V.1990b.Huellas de dinosauroen San Vicente de Robres(La Rioja,Espa a).Zubía,8:33-47
- Casanovas Cladellas M L,Ezquerra Miguel R,Ortega A F,Pérez-Lorente F,SantaféLlopis J V&Torcida Fernández F.1993a.Icnitas digitígradas y plantígradas de dinosaurios en elafloramiento de el Villar-Poyales(La Rioja,Espa a).Zubía(Monográfico),5:135-163
- Casanovas Cladellas M L,Ezquierra Miguel R,Fernandez OrtegaA F,Perez-Lorente F,Santafe Llopis J V&Torcida FernándezF.1993b.Tracks of a herd of webbed ornithopods and otherfootprints found in the same site(Igea,La Rioja,Spain).Revuede Paléobiologie,Genève Volume Special,7:29-36
- Casanovas M L,SantaféJ L,Sanz J L&Buscalioni A D.1987.Arcosaurios(Crocodilia,Dinosauria)del Cretacico Superior dela Conca de Tremp(Lleida,Espa a).Estudios Geológicos Vol.Extr.Galve-Tremp:95-110
- Chen Pei-Ji,Li J,Matsukawa M,Zhang H,Wang Qi-fei&LockleyM G.2006.Geological ages of dinosaur-track-bearingformations in China.Cretaceous Research,27:22-32
- Chen S&Huang X.1993.Preliminary study of dinosaur tracks inCangling,Chuxiong Prefecture.Yunnan Geology,12:267-276
- Chiappe L M.1996.Early avian evolution in the SouthernHemisphere:the fossil record of birds in the Mesozoic ofGondwana.Memoirs of the Queensland Museum,39:533-554
- Cobos A,Mampel L,Royo-Torres R,Espílez E&AlcaláL.2005.Nuevos yacimientos de icnitas de dinosaurio en Formiche Alto(Teruel).Geogaceta,38:19-22
- Cobos A,Royo-Torres R,Luque L,AlcaláL&Mampel L.2010.An Iberian stegosaurs paradise:The Villar del ArzobispoFormation(Tithonian-Berriasian)in Teruel(Spain).Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,293:223-236
- Colbert E H&Merrilees D.1967.Cretaceous dinosaur footprintsfrom western Australia.Journal of the Royal Society ofWestern Australia,50:21-25
- Conti M A,Morsilli M,Nicosia U,Sacchi E,SavinoV,Wagensommer A,Di Maggio L&Gianolla P.2005.Jurassicdinosaur footprints from southern Italy:footprints as indicators ofconstraints in paleogeographic interpretation.Palaios,20:534-550
- Coria R A,Currie P J,Eberth D&Garrido A.2002.Bird footprintsfrom the Anacleto Formation(Late Cretaceous),Neuquén,Argentina.Ameghiniana,39:453-463
- Cowan J,Lockley M G&Gierliński G.2010.First dromaeosaurtrackways from North America:new evidence,from a large sitein the Cedar Mountain Formation(Early Cretaceous),easternUtah.Society of Vertebrate Paleontology70th AnniversaryMeeting Program and Abstracts:75A
- Cuenca-Bescós G,Amo O,Barco J L,Canudo J I,Royo-Terres R&Ruiz-Ome aca J I.1999.Dinosaurios de Aragón.Zubía,17:235-257
- Currie P J.1981.Bird footprints from the Gething Formation(Aptian,Lower Cretaceous)of northeastern British Columbia,Canada.Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology,1:257-264
- Currie P J.1989.Dinosaur footprints of western Canada.In:Gillette D D&Lockley M G eds.Dinosaur tracks and traces.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.293-307
- Currie P J.1983.Hadrosaur trackways from the Lower Cretaceousof Canada.In:Kielan-Jaworowska Z&Osmólska H eds.Second Symposium on Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems.ActaPalaeontologica Polonica,28:63-73
- Currie P J.1995.Ornithopod trackways from the LowerCretaceous of Canada.In:Sarjeant W A S ed.Vertebrate fossilsand the evolution of scientific concepts.Amsterdam:Gordon&Breach.431-443
- Currie P J,Badamgarav D&Koppelhus E B.2003.The first LateCretaceous footprints from the Nemegt locality in the Gobi ofMongolia.In:Pemberton S G,McCrea R T&Lockley M G eds.William Antony Swithin Sarjeant(1935-2002):a celebration ofhis life and ichnological contributions Volume1.Ichnos,10:1-13
- Currie P J,Nadon G C&Lockley M G.1991.Dinosaur footprintswith skin impressions from the Cretaceous of Alberta andColorado.Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences,28:102-115
- D’Emic M D,Wilson J A&Thompson R.2010.The end of thesauropod dinosaur hiatus in North America.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,297:486-490
- Dal Sasso C.2003.Dinosaurs of Italy.Comptes Rendus Palevol,2:45-66
- Dalla Vecchia F M.2001.Atlas of the ichnofossils of the lateCenomanian(Late Cretaceous)track site of San Lorenzo diDaila/Lovreèica(Istria,Croatia).Natura Nascosta,23:24-35
- Dalla Vecchia F M.2005.Between Gondwana and Laurasia:Cretaceous sauropods in an intraoceanic carbonate platform.In:Tidwell V&Carpenter K eds.Thunder-lizards:thesauropodomorph dinosaurs.Bloomington:Indiana UniversityPress.395-429
- Dalla Vecchia F M,Morgante G&Raponi D.2005.Le orme didinosauro nel Cretaceo dei M Lepini(Latina,Lazio Meridionale)le abbiamo scoperte noi.Natura Nascosta,30:8-15
- Dalla Vecchia F M,Tarlao A,Tunis G&Venturini S.2000.Newdinosaur track sites in the Albian(Early Cretaceous)of the IstrianPeninsula(Croatia).Memorie di Scienze Geologiche,52:193-292
- Dalla Vecchia F M&Venturini S.1995.A theropod(Reptilia,Dinosauria)footprint on a block of Cretaceous limestone at thepier of Porto Corsini(Ravenna,Italy).Rivista Italiana diPaleontologia e Stratigrafia,101:93-98
- Dalla Vecchia,F M,Vlahovic I,Posoco L,Tarlao A&Tentor M.2002.Late Barremian and Late Albian(Early Cretaceous)dinosaur track sites in the main Brioni/Brijun Island(SW Istria,Croatia).Natura Nascosta,25:1-36
- Davies K L.1987.Duck-bill dinosaurs(Hadrosauridae,Ornithischia)from the North Slope of Alaska.Journal of Paleontology,61:198-200
- de Lapparent A F.1960.Découverte de traces de pas deDinosauriens dans le Crétacédu Spitzberg.Comptes RendusHebdomadaires des Séances de l’Academie des Sciences(Paris),251:1399-1400
- de Lapparent A F.1962.Footprints of dinosaur in the LowerCretaceous of Vestspitsbergen-Svalbard.Norsk Polarinstitutt,rbok,1960:14-21
- de Santisteban C,Su er M&Vila B.2009.El yacimiento deicnitas de dinosaurios de Ca ada Paris,Alpuente,Valencia.In:Colectivo Arqueológico-Paleontológico de Salas ed.Actas delas IV Jornadas Internacionales sobre Paleontologia deDinosaurios y su Entorno.Burgos,Colectivo ArqueológicoPaleontológico de Salas de los Infantes.301-309
- de Souza Carvalho I&da Silva Kattah S.1996.Dinosaurfootprints from Sanfranciscana Basin(Upper Jurassic-LowerCretaceous),Minas Gerais,State—Brazil.Anais da AcademiaBrasileira de Ciências,68:272
- de Souza Carvalho I&Pedr o E.1998.Brazilian theropods fromthe equatorial Atlantic margin:behavior and environmentalsetting.In:Pérez-Moreno B P,Holtz T,Sanz J L&Moratalla JJ eds.Aspects of Theropod Paleobiology.Gaia,15:369-378
- Dejax J,Michard J-G,Brunet M&Hell J.1989.Empreintes de pasde dinosauriens datés du Crétacéinférieur dans le Bassin deBabouri-Figuil(Fosséde la Bénoué,Cameroun).NeuesJahrbuch für Geologie und Pal ontologie Abhandlungen,178:85-108
- Diedrich C.2004.New important iguanodontid and theropodtrackways of the tracksite Obernkirchen in the Berriasian ofNW Germany and megatracksite concept of central Europe.In:Pemberton S G,McCrea R T&Lockley M G eds.WilliamAntony Swithin Sarjeant(1935-2002):a celebration of his lifeand ichnological contributions,Volume3.Ichnos,11:215-228
- Dong Z M,Zhou Z L&Wu S Y.2003.Note on a hadrosaurfootprint from Heilongjiang River area of China.VertebrataPalAsiatica,41:324-326
- dos Santos V A F.1998.Dinosaur tracksites in Portugal:theJurassic-Cretaceous record.In:de Carvalho A M G,Cach o,MA P,Andrade A M P S A F,da Silva C.A P F M&dos SantosV A F eds.I Encontro Internacional sobre Paleobiologia dosDinossáurios:Programa de Musealiza o para Pistas deDinossáurios em Portugal.Lisbon,Museu Nacional de HistóriaNatural.7-16
- dos Santos V F,da Silva C M&Rodrigues L A.2008.Dinosaurtrack sites from Portugal:scientific and cultural significance.Oryctos,8:77-88
- Dzhalilov M R&Novikov V P.1993.Fossil traces of thedinosaurs in the territory of Tadjikistan.In:Vialov O S&Fedonkin M A eds.Trace fossils of extinct organisms.Moscow:Nauka.47-65
- Edwards M B,Edwards R&Colbert E H.1978.Carnosaurianfootprints in the Lower Cretaceous of eastern Spitsbergen.Journal of Paleontology,52:940-941
- Ensom P C.1987.Dinosaur tracks in Dorset.Geology Today,3:182-183
- Ensom P C.2007.The Purbeck Limestone Group of Dorset,southern England.Geology Today,23:178-185
- Erben H K,Ashraf A R,B hm H,Hahn G,Hambach U,Krumsiek K,Stets J,Thein J&Wurster P.1995.DieKreide/Terti r-Grenze im Nanxiong-Becken(Kontinentalfazies,Südostchina).Stuttgart:Franz Steiner Verlag.1-245
- Ezquerra R,Doublet S,Costeur L,Galton P M&Perez-Lorente F.2007.Were non-avian dinosaurs able to swim?Supportiveevidence from an Early Cretaceous trackway,Cameros Basin(La Rioja,Spain).Geology,35:507-510
- Ezquerra R&Pérez-Lorente F.2004.Reptiles nadadores en elsector oeste del yacimiento de La Virgen del Campo(4LVC,Enciso,La Rioja.Espa a).In:Pérez Lorente F ed.Dinosauriosy Otros reptiles Mesozoicos en Espa a.Logro o:Instituto deEstudios Riojanos.215-224
- Falkingham P,Bates K&Mannion P.2011.Evolutionary trends insauropod body plan expressed in fossil tracks and trackways.Society of Vertebrate Paleontology71st Annual MeetingProgram and Abstracts:1-107
- Falkingham P L,Milàn J&Manning P L.2010.A crocodyliantrace from the Lance Formation(Upper Cretaceous)ofWyoming.In:Milàn J,Lucas S G&Spielmann J A eds.Crocodyle tracks and traces.New Mexico Museum of NaturalHistory and Science Bulletin,51:171-174
- Farlow J O.1987.Lower Cretaceous dinosaur tracks,Paluxy RiveValley,Texas.Baylor University.1-50
- Farlow J O.1992.Sauropod tracks and trackmakers:integrating theichnological and skeletal records.Zubía,10:89-138
- Farlow J O.1993.The dinosaurian of Dinosaur Valley State Park.Austin,Texas Parks and Wildlife Department.1-30
- Farlow J O.2001.Acrocanthosaurus and the maker ofComanchean large-theropod footprints.In:Tanke D H&Carpenter K eds.Mesozoic vertebrate life.Bloomington:Indiana University Press.408-427
- Farlow J O,Pittman J G&Hawthorne J M.1989.Brontopodus birdi,Lower Cretaceous sauropod footprints from the U S.Gulf CoastalPlain.In:Gillette D D&Lockley M G eds.Dinosaur tracks andtraces.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.371-394
- Fernández-Baldor F T,Izquierdo Montero L A,Huerta P,MonteroHuerta D,Pérez Martínez G&Urién Montero V.2006.Elyacimiento de icnitas de dinosaurios de Costalomo(Salas de losInfantes,Burgos,Espa a):nuevos datos.In:ColectivoArqueológico-Paleontológico de Salas ed.Actas de las IIIJornadas Internacionales sobre Paleontología de Dinosaurios ysu Entorno.Bu