赵向东,薛乃华,王博,张海春

• 1:中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所和生物演化与环境卓越创新中心现代古生物学和地层学国家重点实验室
• 2:中国科学技术大学

摘要(Abstract)：

卡尼期是继二叠纪―三叠纪之交全球气候显著变化后的又一重要气候转折期,此时全球降雨量增高,地球温度从Julian亚期晚期至Tuvalian亚期早期升高了约6℃,内陆风化、剥蚀作用加速,大量陆源碎屑物质注入海洋导致碳酸盐生产遭遇危机,特提斯域沉积作用发生转折。这一气候事件被称为"卡尼期湿润幕"(Carnian Pluvial Episode, CPE事件)。本文详细介绍了CPE事件的研究历史、特提斯域沉积转折的关键性地质证据,总结了CPE事件已有的同位素曲线特征,并认为大火成岩省爆发可能是此次事件的主要原因。基于特提斯域的海相地层对该事件的研究已经有近30年的历史,然而该事件对陆地生态系统的影响目前还知之甚少。我国三叠纪陆相地层分布广泛、发育完好、化石丰富,是世界上研究陆相三叠系的重要地区之一,对这些地层的研究有助于查明CPE事件在陆地生态系统的表征,进一步揭示其真相。

关键词(KeyWords)： 卡尼期;晚三叠世;气候转变;碳同位素;CPE事件

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(B类)(XDB26000000);; 国家自然科学基金(41572010,41622201,41688103,41730317);; IGCP632项目资助

作者(Author): 赵向东,薛乃华,王博,张海春

DOI: 10.19839/j.cnki.dcxzz.2019.03.007

参考文献(References)：

• 白云来,马龙,吴武军,马玉虎.2009.鄂尔多斯盆地油页岩的主要地质特征及资源潜力.中国地质,36(5):1123-1137.
• 金鑫,时志强,王艳艳,段雄,程明.2015.晚三叠世中卡尼期极端气候事件:研究进展及存在问题.沉积学报,33(1):105-115.
• 时志强,欧莉华,罗凤姿,李云,钱利军.2009.晚三叠世卡尼期黑色页岩事件在龙门山地区的沉积学和古生物学响应.古地理学报,11(4):375-383.
• 时志强,钱利军,曾德勇,欧莉华.2010.晚三叠世卡尼期碳酸盐生产危机在东特提斯地区的地质记录.地质论评,56(3):321-328.
• 童金南,殷鸿福.2015.三叠纪年代地层与中国建阶.地球科学--中国地质大学学报,40:189-197.
• 王伟,周传明,袁训来,陈哲,关成国.2011.华南埃迪卡拉纪陡山沱海洋中无机碳同位素组成变化.地层学杂志,35(4):349-360.
• 王艳艳,张彪,时志强,伊海生.2012.川西北地区晚三叠世卡尼期洪水事件沉积的碳、氧同位素记录.古地理学报,14(3):375-382.
• 王振,黄仁金.1978.陕西三叠纪轮藻化石.古生物学报,17(3):267-281.
• 解古巍,叶美芳,冯胜斌,袁效奇,贺静.2015.陕西宜君晚三叠世延长组长7段鲎虫化石的发现及意义.古生物学报,54(3):381-386.
• 中国地质科学院地质研究所.1980.陕甘宁盆地中生代地层古生物.北京:地质出版社.
• Arche A&López-Gómez J.2014.The Carnian Pluvial Event in Western Europe:New data from Iberia and correlation with the Western Neotethys and Eastern North America-NW Africa regions.Earth-Science Reviews,128:196-231.
• Arthur M A,Dean W E&Claypool G E.1985.Anomalous 13C enrichment in modern marine organic carbon.Nature,315:216-218.
• Awater R,Tewari R,Agnihotri D,Chatterjee S,Pillai S S K&Meena K L.2014.Late Permian and Triassic palynomorphs from the Allan Hills,central Transantarctic Mountains,South Victoria Land.Antarctica.Current Science,106:988-96.
• Benton M J.1986.More than one event in the late Triassic mass extinction.Nature,321:857-861.
• Burgess S D,Bowring S A,Fleming T H&Elliot D H.2015.High-precision geochronology links the Ferrar large igneous province with early-Jurassic ocean anoxia and biotic crisis.Earth Planetary Science Letters,415:90-99.
• Christopher R S.2014.Atlas of Permo-Triassic Paleogeographic Maps(Mollweide Projection),Maps 43-52,Volumes 3&4 of the Paleomap Atlas.
• Cohen A S.2003.Paleolimnology:The history and evolution of lake systems.London:Oxford University Press.1-241.
• Crowley T J.1994.Pangean climates//Klein G D.Pangea,Paleoclimate,Tectonics,and Sedimentation During Accretion,Zenith and Breakup of a Supercontinent,pp.25-39.Geological Society of America,Special Paper no.288.
• Dal Corso J,Benton M J,Bernardi M,Franz M,Gianolla P,Hohn S,Kustatscher E,Merico A,Roghi G,Ruffell A,Ogg J G,Preto N,Schmidt A R,Seyfullah L J,Simms M J,Shi Zhi-qiang&Zhang Yang.2018.First workshop on the Carnian Pluvial Episode(Late Triassic):A report.Albertiana,44:49-57.
• Dal Corso J,Mietto P,Newton R J,Pancost R D,Preto N,Roghi G&Wignall P B.2012.Discovery of a major negativeδ13C spike in the Carnian(Late Triassic)linked to the eruption of Wrangellia flood basalts.Geology,40:79-82.
• Dal Corso J,Gianolla P,Newton R J,Franceschi M,Roghi G,Caggiati M,Raucsik B,Budai T,Haas J&Preto N.2015.Carbon isotope records reveal synchronicity between carbon cycle perturbation and the“Carnian Pluvial Event”in the Tethys realm(Late Triassic).Global Planet Change,127:79-90.
• Erba E&Tremolada F.2004.Nannofossil carbonate fluxes during the Early Cretaceous:Phytoplankton response to nitrification episodes,atmospheric CO2,and anoxia.Paleoceanography,19(1):1-18.
• Furin S,Preto N,Rigo M,Roghi G,Gianolla P,Crowley J L&Bowring SA.2006.Highprecision U-Pb zircon age from the Triassic of Italy:Implications for the Triassic time scale and the Carnian origin of calcareous nannoplankton and dinosaurs.Geology,34:1009-1012.
• Gallois R W&Porter R J.2006.The stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Dunscombe Mudstone Formation(late Triassic)of southwest England.Geoscience in South-west England,11:174-182.
• Greene A R,Scoates J S&Weis D.2008.Wrangellia flood basalts in Alaska:A record of plume-lithosphere interaction in a Late Triassic accreted oceanic plateau.Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,9.doi:10.1029/2008GC002092.
• Greene A R,Scoates J S,Weis D,Katvala E C,Israel S&Nixon G T.2010.The architecture of oceanic plateaus revealed by the volcanic stratigraphy of the accreted Wrangellia oceanic plateau.Geosphere,6:47-73.
• Haas J,Budai T&Raucsik B.2012.Climatic controls on sedimentary environments in the Triassic of the Transdanubian Range(Western Hungary).Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology.353-355:31-44.
• Hoffman P F,Kaufman A J,Halverson G P&Schrag D P.1998.A Neoproterozoic snowball earth.Science,281:1342-1346.
• Hornung T&Brandner R.2005.Biostratigraphy of the Reingraben Turnover(Hallstatt Facies Belt):Local black shale events controlled by the regional tectonics,climatic change and plate tectonics.Facies,51:460-479.
• Hornung T.2007.Multistratigraphy of the Draxllehen quarry near Berchtesgaden(Tuvalian-Lacian2):Implication for halstatt limestone sedimentation and palaeoclimate in the aftermath of the“Carnian Crisis”.Austrian Journal of Earth Science,100:82-89.
• Hornung T,Krystyn L&Brandner R.2007a.A Tethys-wide mid-Carnian(Upper Triassic)carbonate productivity crisis:Evidence for the Alpine Reingraben Event from Spiti(Indian Himalaya)?Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,30(2):285-302.
• Hornung T,Brandner R,Krystyn L,Joachimskimo M M&Keim L.2007b.Multistratigraphic constraints on the NW Tethyan“Carnian Crisis”//The Global Triassic//Bull.,N.M.Mus.Nat.Hist.Sci.,41:59-67.
• Immenhauser A,Schlager W,Burns S J,Scott R W,Geel T&Lehmann J.1999.Late aptian to late albian sea-level fluctuations constrained by geochemical and biological evidence(nahr umr formation,oman).Journal of Sedimentary Research,69(2):434-446.
• Ogg J G.2015.The Mysterious Mid-Carnian"Wet Intermezzo"Global Event.Journal of Earth Science,2:181-191.
• Jochen H.2009.Stable Isotope Geochemistry.Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg,48-53.
• Keim L,Sp?tl C&Brandner R.2006.The aftermath of the Carnian carbonate platform demise:A basinal perspective(Dolomites,Southern Alps).Sedimentology,53:361-386.
• Kemp D B,Coe A L,Cohen A S&Schwark L.2005.Astronomical pacing of methane release in the Early Jurassic Period.Nature,437:396-399.
• Korte C,Kozur H W&Veizer J.2005.δ13C andδ18O values of Triassic brachiopods and carbonate rocks as proxies for coeval seawater and palaeotemperature.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,226:287-306.
• Kozur H W&Bachmann G H.2010.The Middle Carnian Wet Intermezzo of the Stuttgart formation(Schilfsandstein),Germanic Basin.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,290:107-119.
• Krystyn L.1978.Eine neue Zonengliederung im alpin mediterranen Unterkarn Zapfe H Beitrge zur Biostratigraphie der Tethys-Trias.Schr.Erdwiss.Komm.sterr.Akada.Wiss,4:37-75.
• Lucas S G&Orchard M J.2013.Triassic.Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences,pp.1-9.Elsevier.doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.02872-4.
• Lukeneder S,Lukeneder A,Harzhauser M,Islamo?lu Y,Krystyn L&Lein R.2012.A delayed carbonate factory breakdown during the Tethyan-wide Carnian Pluvial Episode along the Cimmerian terranes(Taurus,Turkey).Facies,58:279-296.
• Massimo B,Piero G,Fabio M P,Paolo M&Michael J B.2018.Dinosaur diversification linked with the Carnian Pluvial Episode.Nature Communications,2018(9):1499.
• McLoughlin S,Lindstrom S&Drinnan,A N.1997.Gondwanan floristic and sedimentological trends during the Permian-Triassic transition:New evidence from the Amery Group,northern Prince Charles Mountains,East Antarctica.Antarctic Science,9:281-98.
• Miller C S,Peterse F,Da S A,Baranyi V,Reichart G J&Kürschner W M.2017.Astronomical age constraints and extinction mechanisms of the late triassic carnian crisis.Scientific Reports,7(1):1-7.
• Müller M N,Barcelos e Ramos J,Schulz K G,Riebesell U,Kazmierczak J,Gallo F,Mackinder L,Li Y,Nesterenko P N,Trull T W&Hallegraeff G M.2015.Phytoplankton calcification as an effective mechanism to alleviate cellular calcium poisoning.Biogeosciences,12:6493-6501.
• Mueller S,Krystyn L&Kürschner W M.2016.Climate variability during the Carnian Pluvial Phase-a quantitative palynological study of the Carnian sedimentary succession at Lunz am See,Northern Calcareous Alps,Austria.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,441:198-211.
• Naafs B D A&Pancost R D.2016.Sea-surface temperature evolution across aptian oceanic anoxic event 1a.Geology,44:11.
• Nakada R,Ogawa K,Suzuki N,Takahashi S&Takahashi Y.2014.Late Triassic compositional changes of aeolian dusts in the pelagic Panthalassa:Response to the continental climatic change.Palaeo-geography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,393:61-75.
• Pálfy J&Smith P L.2000.Synchrony between Early Jurassic extinction,oceanic anoxic event,and the Karoo-Ferrar flood basalt volcanism.Geology,28:747-750.
• Pott C,Krings M&Kerp H.2008.The Carnian(Late Triassic)flora from Lunz in Lower Austria:Paleoecological considerations.Palaeoworld,17:172-182.
• Preto N&Hinnov L A.2003.Unraveling the Origin of Carbonate Platform Cyclothems in the Upper Triassic Durrenstein Formation(Dolomites,Italy).Journal of Sedimentary Research,73(5):774-789.
• Preto N,Sp?tl C&Guaiumi C.2009.Evaluation of bulk carbonateδ13Cdata from Triassic hemipelagites and the initial composition of carbonate mud.Sedimentology,56:1329-1345.
• Preto N,Kustatscher E&Wignall P B.2010.Triassic climates-state of the art and perspectives.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,290:1-10.
• Retallack G J,Veevers,J J&Morante R.1996.Global coal gap between Permian-Triassic extinction and Middle Triassic recovery of peat-forming plants.Geological Society of America Bulletin,108:195-207.
• Rigo M,Preto N,Roghi G,Tateo F&Mietto P.2007.A rise in the Carbonate Compensation Depth of western Tethys in the Carnian(Late Triassic):Deep-water evidence for the Carnian Pluvial Event.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,246:188-205.
• Roghi G.2004.Palynological investigations in the Carnian of the Cave del Predil area(Julian Alps,NE Italy).Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology,132:1-35.
• Roghi G,Gianolla P,Minarelli L,Pilati C&Preto N.2010.Palynological correlation of Carnian humid pulses throughout western Tethys.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,290:89-106.
• Roghi G,Ragazzi E&Gianolla P.2006.Triassic amber of the southern Alps(Italy).Palaios,21:143-154.
• Rostásiá,Raucsik B&Varga A.2011.Palaeoenvironmental controls on the clay mineralogy of Carnian sections from the Transdanubian Range(Hungary).Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,300:101-112.
• Rothman D H,Hayes J M&Summons R.2003.Dynamics of the Neoproterozoic carbon cycle.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,100(14):8124-8129.
• Ruffell A,Simms M J&Wignall P B.2015.The Carnian Humid Episode of the late Triassic:A review.Geological Magazine,153:271-284.
• Ruhl M,Kürschner W M&Krystyn L.2009.Triassic-Jurassic organic carbon isotope stratigraphy of key sections in the western Tethys realm(Austria).Earth and Planetary Science Letters,281:169-187.
• Schlager W&Schollnberger W.1974.Das Prinzip stratigraphischer Wendenin der Schichtenfolge der Nordlichen Kalkalpen.Mitteilungen der Geologischen Gesellschaft Wien,66/67:165-93.
• Shukla U M,Bachmann G H&Singh I B.2010.Facies architecture of the Stuttgart Formation(Schilfsandstein,Upper Triassic),central Germany,and its comparison with modern Ganga system,India.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,297:110-28.
• Simms M J&Ruffell A H.1989.Synchroneity of climatic change in the late Triassic.Geology,17:265-8.
• Simms M J&Ruffel A H.1990.Climatic and biotic change in the Late Triassic.Journal of the Geological Society,147:321-7.
• Shi Zhi-qiang,Nereo P,Jiang Hai-shui,Leopold K,Zhang Yang,James GO,Jin Xin,Yuan Jin-ling,Yang Xiao-kang&Du Yi-xing.2017.Demise of Late Triassic sponge mounds along the northwestern margin of the Yangtze Block,South China:Related to the Carnian Pluvial Phase?Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,474:247-263.
• Sun Ya-dong,Wignall P B,Joachimski M M,Bond D P G,Grasby S E,Lai Xu-long,Wang L N,Zhang Z T&Sun S.2016.Climate warming,euxinia and carbon isotope perturbations during the Carnian(Triassic)Crisis in South China.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,444:88-100.
• Tabor N J&Poulsen C J.2008.Palaeoclimate acroos the Late Pennsylvanian-Early Permian tropical palaeolatitudes:A review of climate indicators,their distribution,and relation to palaeophysio-graphie climate factors.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,268:293-310.
• Tabor N J,Montanez I P,Kelso K A,Currie B,Shipman T&Colombi C.2006.A Late Triassic soil catena:Landscape and climate controls on paleosol morphology and chemistry across the Carnian-age Ischigualasto Villa Union basin,northwestern Argentina//Alonso-Zarza A M&Tanner L H.Paleoenvironmental Record and Applications of Calcretes and Palustrine Carbonates,17-41.Geological Society of America,Special Paper no.416.
• Trotter J A,Williams I S,Nicora A,Mazza M&Rigo M.2015.Long-term cycles of Triassic climate change:A newδ18O record from conodont apatite.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,415:165-174.
• Urlichs M.1974.Zur stratigraphie und ammonitenfauna der Cassianer Schichtenvon Cassian(Dolomiten/Italien):Schriftenreihe der erdwissenschaftlichen Kommission der?sterreichischen.Akademie der Wissenschaften,2:207-222.
• Wenzel B,Lécuyer C&Joachimski M M.2000.Comparing oxygen isotope records of Silurian calcite and phosphate-18O comparisons of brachiopods and conodonts.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,64:1859-1872.
• Wignall P B.2001.Large igneous provinces and mass extinctions.EarthScience Reviews,53:1-33.
• Xu Guan-ping,Hannah J L,Stein H J,M?rk A,Vigran J O,Bingen B,Schutt D L&Lundschien B A.2014.Cause of Upper Triassic climate crisis revealed by Re-Os geochemistry of Boreal black shales.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,395:222-232.
• Zhang Yang,Li Ming-song,Ogg J,Montgomery P,Huang Chun-ju,Chen Zhong-qiang,Shi Zhi-qiang,Enos P&Lehrmann D J.2015.Cycle-calibrated magnetostratigraphy of Middle Carnian from South China:Implications for Late Triassic time scale and termination of the Yangtze Platform.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,436:135-166.
• Zheng Da-ran,Nel A,Wang Bo,Jarzembowski E A,Chang Su-chin,Zhang Hai-chun.2016.The first Triassic‘Protodonatan’(Zygophlebiidae)from China:Stratigraphical implications.Geological Magazine,154(1):169-174.