梅冥相,王龙,李屹尧,彭善池,朱学剑,左景勋

• 1:中国地质大学(北京)地球科学与资源学院
• 2:现代古生物学和地层学国家重点实验室中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所
• 3:河南省地质调查院

摘要(Abstract)：

很多地层学与沉积学特征,如显生宙较高的海平面位置以及最高的大气圈二氧化碳含量、全球性温暖的气候(温室效应条件)、后生动物骨骼生物礁的贫乏、三叶虫的主导性、典型的方解石海、SPICE碳同位素事件所代表的大洋缺氧事件和大气圈增氧事件,将寒武纪芙蓉世特征化。经过多年的努力,一个全新的芙蓉统年代地层格架已经得到了系统的确立,芙蓉统可以进一步划分为排碧阶、江山阶和没有得到最后定义的第10阶。湖南桃源县瓦尔岗剖面,以丰富的斜坡相三叶虫的发育著称,是全球寒武系芙蓉统第10阶底界GSSP的候选剖面。为了配合第10阶层型剖面的年代地层学研究,在层序地层学框架内,对该剖面第10期地层为主的地层序列进行了较为系统的旋回地层学研究。基于基本的岩相和沉积相的观察与研究,将该剖面沈家湾组中主要归为第10期的大部分地层归为一个三级沉积层序,并进一步划分为两个四级海平面变化层序;该三级沉积层序大致包含48个准层序级别的六级米级旋回,这些米级旋回常常4个一组构成五级旋回(准层序组)而表现出明显的沉积旋回的1∶4的叠加样式,成为较为典型的米兰柯维奇旋回属性而可以作为代表性的"定时器"。结果表明,第10期地层的形成时限大致为4.80Myr(百万年),稍大于地球化学测年得出的4.10Myr(～495.0—489.5Ma);而且层序界面代表的沉积环境变化要超前于阶的界面代表的生物变化。因此,层序地层学框架内的旋回地层学研究,丰富了瓦尔岗剖面的地层学内容。

关键词(KeyWords)： 层序地层学;旋回地层学;芙蓉统第10阶;瓦尔岗剖面;湖南省桃源县

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 国家自然科学基金会(41221001;41290360;41330101;41472090)共同资助

作者(Author): 梅冥相,王龙,李屹尧,彭善池,朱学剑,左景勋

DOI: 10.19839/j.cnki.dcxzz.2019.02.001

参考文献(References)：

• 冯增昭,彭永民,金振奎,鲍志东.2004.中国寒武纪和奥陶纪岩相古地理.北京:石油工业出版社.1-221.
• 龚一鸣,徐冉,汤中道.2004.广西上泥盆统轨道旋回地层与牙形石定年.中国科学(D辑),41(1):50-58.
• 龚一鸣,杜远生,童金南,张克信,冯庆来,谢树成,胡斌,齐永安,张国成.2008.旋回地层学:地层学解读时间的第三里程碑.地球科学,33(4):443-457.
• 郝维成,白顺良,江大勇.2000.法门阶上部米兰科维奇旋回在中国发育的一致性科学通报,45(15):1654-1660.
• 江大勇,郝维成,白顺良.1999.广西泥盆系吉维特价上部地层中的化学旋回与米兰柯维奇偏心率的关系.科学通报,44(9):989-992.
• 林天瑞.1991.湖南桃源中寒武世地层及三叶虫.古生物学报,33(3):360-376.
• 刘宝珺,许效松.1994.中国南方岩相古地理图集(震旦纪-三叠纪).北京:科学出版社.1-239.
• 梅冥相,徐德斌,周洪瑞.2000.米级旋回层序的成因类型及相序组构特征.沉积学报,18(4):43-49.
• 梅冥相,马永生,邓军,张海,孟晓庆,陈永红,聂瑞贞,张从.2005.上扬子区下古生界层序地层格架的初步研究.现代地质,19(4):550-562.
• 梅冥相,张海,孟晓庆,陈永红.2006a.上扬子区中寒武统层序地层格架及其形成的古地理背景.高校地质学报,12(3):328-342.
• 梅冥相,刘智荣,孟晓庆,陈永红.2006b.上扬子区中、上寒武统层序地层划分和层序地层格架的建立.沉积学报,24(5):617-626.
• 梅冥相,马永生,张海,孟晓庆,陈永红.2007.上扬子区寒武系的层序地层格架:寒武纪生物多样性事件形成背景的思考.地层学杂志,31(1):68-78.
• 梅冥相.2007a.上扬子区寒武系娄山关群白云岩层序地层格架及其古地理背景.古地理学报,9(2):117-132
• 梅冥相.2007b.微生物碳酸盐岩分类体系的修订:对灰岩成因-结构分类体系的补充.地学前缘,14(5):597-614.
• 梅冥相.2010a.从正常海退与强迫型海退的辨别进行层序界面对比:层序地层学的进展之一.古地理学报,12(5):549-564.
• 梅冥相.2010b.长周期层序形成机制的探索:层序地层学的进展之二.古地理学报,12(6):711-728.
• 梅冥相.2011a.从不整合面复杂的地质涵义窥视层序地层学的诞生:层序地层学重要的科学命题之一.地层学杂志,35(2):179-192.
• 梅冥相.2011b.从旋回的有序叠加形式到层序的识别和划分:层序地层学进展之三.古地理学报,13(1):27-54.
• 梅冥相.2012.沉积层序形成机制的海平面变化解释:层序地层学的重要科学命题之二.地层学杂志,36(4):792-806.
• 梅冥相.2014.层序地层学发展历程中的三个误判.地学前缘,21(2):67-80.
• 梅冥相.2015.从沉积层序到海平面变化层序:层序地层学的一个重要的新进展.地层学杂志,39(2):58-73.
• 梅冥相,孟庆芬.2016.大气圈氧气上升的时间进程:一个与地球动力学过程紧密相关的地球生物学过程.古地理学报,18(1):1-20.
• 梅冥相,孟庆芬.2017a.大气圈氧气上升与生物进化:一个重要的地球生物学过程.现代地质,31(5):1022-1038.
• 梅冥相,张瑞,李屹尧,接雷.2017b.华北地台东北缘寒武系芙蓉统叠层石生物丘中的钙化蓝细菌.岩石学报,33(4):1073-1093.
• 彭善池.1987.湖南慈利-桃源交境地区晚寒武世早期地层及三叶虫动物群//中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所(编),中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所研究生论文集(1).南京:江苏科学技术出版社.53-134.
• 彭善池.1990.湖南桃源、慈利一带的晚寒武世及三叶虫序列.地层学杂志,14(4):261-276.
• 彭善池.2006.全球寒武系4统划分框架正式确立.地层学杂志,30(2):147-148.
• 彭善池.2009a.华南斜坡相寒武纪三叶虫动物群研究回顾并论我国南、北方寒武系的对比.古生物学报,48(3):437-452.
• 彭善池.2009b.华南新的寒武纪生物地层序列和年代地层系统.科学通报,54(18):2691-2698.
• 彭善池.2011.全球寒武系江山阶及其“金钉子”在我国正式确立.地层学杂志,35(4):393-396.
• 彭善池,Babcock L E.2005.全球寒武系年代地层划分的新建议.地层学杂志,29(1):92-96.
• 彭善池,朱学剑,林焕令.2004.全球寒武系芙蓉统排碧阶及其底界层型在我国确立.地层学杂志,28(1):92-94.
• 乔秀夫,宋天锐,高林志.2006.地层中的地震记录(古地震).北京:地质出版社.1-263.
• 徐道一.2005.天文地质年代表与旋回地层学研究进展.地层学杂志,29(增):635-640.
• 徐道一,韩廷本,李国辉,尹志强.2006.天文地层学的兴起.地层学杂志,30(4):323-326.
• 左景勋,彭善池,朱学剑.2008.扬子地台寒武系碳酸盐岩的碳同位素组成及地质意义.地球化学,37(2):118-128.
• Alroy J.2010.The shifting balance of diversity among major marine animal groups.Science,329:1191-1194.
• Anderson E J&Goodwin P W.1990.The significance of metre-scale allocycles in the quest for a fundamental stratigraphic unit.Journal of Geological Society of London,147:507-518.
• Babcock L E,Peng S C,Geyer G,&Shergold J H.2005.Changing perspectives on Cambrian chronostratigraphy and progress toward subdivision of the Cambrian System.Geoscience Journal,9:101-106.
• Babcock L E,Peng S C,Brett C E,Zhu M Y,Ahlberg P,Bevis M&Robison R A.2015.Global climate,sea level cycles,and biotic events in the Cambrian Period.Palaeoworld,24:5-15.
• Babcock L E,Peng S C&Ahlberg P.2016.Cambrian trilobite biostratigraphy and its role in developing an integrated history of the Earth system.Lethaia,50:381-399.
• Bagnoli G.,Peng S C,Qi Y P.&Wang C Y.2017.Conodonts from the Wa’ergang section,China,a potential GSSP for the uppermost stage of the Cambrian.Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia,123(1):1-10.
• Balthasar U&Cusack M.2015.Aragonite-calcite seas-Quantifying the gray area.Geology,43:99-102.
• Berner R A.1997.The rise of plants and their effect on weathering and atmospheric CO2.Science,276:544-546.
• Berner R A,Vandenbrooks J M&Ward P D.2007.Oxygen and Evolution.Science,316:557-558.
• Boulila S,Galbrun B,Miller K G,Pekar S F,Browning J V,Laskar J&Wright J D.2011.On the origin of Cenozoic and Mesozoic“third-order”eustatic sequences.Earth-Science Reviews,109:94-112.
• Catuneanu O.2006.Principles of sequence stratigraphy.Amsterdam:Elsevier.1-375.
• Catuneanu O,Abreu V,Bhattacharya J P,Blum M D,Dalrymple R W,Eriksson P G,Fielding C R,Fisher W L,Galloway W E,Gibling MR,Gile K A,Holbrook J M,Jordan R,Kendall C G St C,Macurda B,Martinsen O J,Miall A D,Nea J E,Nummedal D,Pomar L,Posamentier H W,Pratt B R,Sarg J F,Shanley K W,Steel R J,Strasser A,Tucker M E&Winker C.2009.Towards the standardization of sequence stratigraphy.Earth-Science Reviews,92:1-33
• Chafetz H S.2013.Porosity in bacterially induced carbonates:Focus on micropores.AAPG Bulletin,97:2103-2111.
• De los Ríos A,Ascaso C,Wierzchos J,Vincent W F&Quesada A.2015.Microstructure and cyanobacterial composition of microbial mats from the High Arctic.Biodivers Conserv,24:841-863.
• Dong X P&Zhang H Q.2017.Middle Cambrian through lowermost Ordovician conodonts from Hunan,South China.Journal of Paleontology,Volume.91,Memoir 73:1-89.
• Fischer A G&Bottjer D J.1991.Orbital forcing and sedimentary sequences.Journal Sedimentary Petrology,61(7):1063-1069.
• Gerdes G.1994.Dunajtschik-Piewak K,Riege H,Taher A G,Krumbein W E,Reineck H E.Structural diversity of biogenic carbonate particles in microbial mats.Sedimentology,41:1273-1294.
• Gill B C,Lyons T W,Young S A,Kump L R,Knoll A H&Saltzman MR.2011.Geochemical evidence for widespread euxinia in the later Cambrian ocean.Nature,469:80-83.
• Gischler E.2011.Carbonate environments.In:Reitner J.,Thiel V.Encyclopedia of Geobiology.Berlin:Springer,238-260.
• Goldhammer R K,Dunn P A&Hardie L A.1990.Depositional cycles,composite sea-level changes,cycle stacking patterns of the hierarchy of stratigraphic forcing:Examples from Alpine Triassic platform carbonates GSA Bulletin,102(5):535-562.
• Haq B U&Schutter S R.2008.A chronology of Paleozoic sea-level changes.Science,322:64-67.
• Hardie L A,1996.Secular variation in seawater chemistry:An explanation for the coupled secular variation in the mineralogies of marine limestones and potash evaporites over the past 600 m.y.Geology,24:279-283.
• Hinnov L A&Hilgen F J.2012.Cyclostratigraphy and astrochronology//Gradstein F M,Ogg J G&Schmitz M,Ogg G.The Geologic Time Scale 2012.Amsterdam:Elsevier,63-83.
• Hinnov L A&Ogg J G.2007.Cyclostratigraphy and the astronomical time scale.Stratigraphy,4:239-251.
• Husson J M&Peters S E.2017.Atmospheric oxygenation driven by unsteady growth of the continental sedimentary reservoir:Earth and Planetary Science Letters,460:68-75.
• Kidder D L&Worsley T R.2010.Phanerozoic large igneous provinces(LIPs),HEATT(haline euxinic acidic thermal transgression)episodes,and mass extinctions:Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,295:162-191.
• Kiessling W.2009.Geologic and biologic controls on the evolution of reefs.Annual Review of Ecology,Evolution,and Systematics,40:173-192.
• Kiessling W.2015.Fuzzy seas.Geology,43:191-192.
• Kremer B&Ka?Mierczak J.2005.Cyanobacterial mats from Silurian black radiolarian cherts:phototrophic life at the edge of darkness?.Journal of Sedimentary Research,75:897-906.
• Laakso T A&Schrag D P.2017.A theory of atmospheric oxygen.Geobiology,15:366-384.
• Li D D,Zhang X L,Che K F,Chen X Y,Huang W,Peng S C&Shen YA.2017.High-resolution carbon isotope chemostratigraphic record from the uppermost Cambrian stage(Stage 10)in South China,implications for defining the base of Stage 10 and palaeoenvironmental change.Geological Magazine,154(4):1232-1243.
• McKenzie N R,Horton B K,Loomis S E,Stockli D F&Lee C T A.2016.Continental arc volcanism as the principal driver of icehouse-greenhouse variability.Science,352:444-447.
• Mei M X,Xu D B&Zhou H R.2000.Genetic types of meter-scale sequences and fabric natures of facies succession.Journal of China University of Geosciences,11(4):375-382.
• Mei M X,Ma Y S,Zhou H R&Guo Q Y.2001a.Fischer Plot of Wumishan cyclothems,Precambrian records of third-order sea level changes.Journal of China University of Geosciences,12(1):1-10.
• Mei M X,Ma Y S&Guo Q Y.2001b.Basic lithofaces-succession model for Wumishan cyclothems:Their Markov chain analysis and regularly vertical stacking pattern in the third-order sequences.Acta Geologica Sinica,75(4):421-431.
• Mei M X&Tucker M E.2013.Milankovitch-driven cycles in the Precambrian of china:The Wumishan Formation.Journal of Palaeogeography,2(4):369-389.
• Meyers S R&Peters S E.2011.A 56 million year rhythm in North American sedimentation during the Phanerozoic:Earth and Planetary Science Letters,303:174-180.
• Miller K G,Kominz M A,Browning J V,Wright J D,Mountain G S,Katz M E,Sugarman P J,Cramer B S,Christie-Blick N&Pekar S F.2005.The Phanerozoic record of global sea-level change.Science,310:1293-1298.
• Mitchum R M,Vail P R&Thompson S.1977.Seismic stratigraphy and global changes of sea level,part 2:the depositional sequence as a basic unit for stratigraphic analysis//Payton C E.Seismic Stratigraphy-Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration,AAPG Memoir,26:53-62.
• Osleger D A.1991.Subtidal carbonate cycles:Implications for allocyclic versus autocyclic controls.Geology,19:917-920.
• Owen G,Moretti M&Alfaro P.2011.Recognising triggers for soft-sediment deformation:Current understanding and future directions.Sedimentary Geology,235:133-140.
• Peng S C.1984.Cambrian-Ordovician boundary in the Cili-Taoyuan border area,northwestern Hunan with description of relative trilobites//Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology,Academia Sinica(ed),Stratigraphy and Palaeontology of Systemic Boundaries in China,Cambrian and Ordovician Boundary(1).Hefei:Anhui Science and Technology Publishing House,285-405.
• Peng S C.1992.Upper Cambrian Biostratigraphy and Trilobite Faunas of Cili-Taoyuan area,northwestern Hunan,China.Memoir of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists,13:1-119.
• Peng S C&Babcock L E.2005.Two Cambrian agnostoid trilobites,Agnostotes orientalis(Kobayashi,1935)and Lotagnostus americanus(Billings,1860):Key species for defining global stages of the Cambrian System.Geoscience Journal,9:107-115.
• Peng S C&Babcock L E.2008.Cambrian Period//Ogg J G,Ogg G J&Gradstein F M(Eds.).The Concise Geologic Time Scale.Cambridge University Press,Cambridge:37-46.
• Peng S C&Babcock L E.2011.Continuing Progress on chronostratigraphic subdivision of the Cambrian System.Bulletin of Geosciences,86(3):391-396.
• Peng S C,Babcock L E,Lin H L&Chen Y A.2001.Cambrian and Ordovician stratigraphy at Wa’ergang,Hunan Province,China:bases of the Waergangian and Taoyuanian stages of the Cambrian System.Palaeoworld,13:132-150.
• Peng S C,Babcock L E,Robison R A,Lin H L,Ress M N&Saltzman MR.2004.Global Standard Stratotype-section and Point(GSSP)of the Furongian Series and Paibian Stage(Cambrian).Lethaia,37:365-379.
• Peng S C,Babcock L E,Zuo J X,Lin H L,Zhu X J,Yang X F,Robison RA,Qi Y P,Bagnoli G&Chen Y A.2009.The Global boundary Stratotupe Section and Point(GSSP)of the Guzhangian stage(Cambrian)in the Wuling Mountains,Northern Hunan,China.Episodes,32:41-55.
• Peng S,Babcock L E&Cooper R A.2012a.The Cambrian Period(Chapter 19)//Gradstein F M,Ogg J G,Schmitz M D&Ogg G M.The Geologic Time Scale 2012.Amsterdam:Elsevier,437-488.
• Peng S C,Babcock L E,Zuo J X,Zhu X J,Lin H L,Yang X F,Qi Y P,Bagnoli G&Wang L W.2012b.The Global boundary Stratotupe Section and Point(GSSP)for the Jiangshan stage(Cambrian:Furongian)at Duibian,Jiangshan,Zhejiang,Southeast China.Episodes,35:462-477.
• Peng S C,Babcock L E,Zhu X J,Zuo J X,&Tao D.2014.A potential GSSP of the base of the uppermost Cambiran stages,coinciding with the first appearance of Lotagnostus americanus at Wa,ergang,Hunan,China.GFF,136(1):208-213.
• Pomar L&Kendall C G St C.2008.Carbonate platform architecture:a response to hydrodynamics and evolving ecology//Lukasik J,Simo T.Controls on Carbonate Platform and Reef Development,SEPM Special Publication 89,187-216.
• Pratt B R,Raviolo M M&Bordonaro O L.2012.Carbonate platform dominated by peloidal sands:lower Ordovician La Silla Formation of the eastern Precordillera,San Juan,Argentina.Sedimentology,59:843-866.
• Pruss S B,Finnegan S,Fischer W W&Knoll A H.2010.Carbonates in skeleton-poor seas:New insights from Cambrian and Ordovician strata of Laurentia.Palaios,25:73-84.
• Riding R.2000.Microbial Carbonates:The geological record of calcified bacterial-algal mats and biofilms.Sedimentology,47(Suppl.1),179-214.
• Rowland S M&Shapiro R S.2002.Reef patterns and environmental influences in the Cambrian and earliest Ordovician//Kiessling W,Flügel E&Golonka J(Eds.).Phanerozoic Reef Patterns.SEPMSpecial Publication 72:95-128.
• Saltzman M R.2005.Phosphorus,nitrogen,and the redox evolution of the Paleozoic oceans.Geology,33:573-576.
• Saltzman M R,Young S A,Kump L R,Gill B C,Lyons T W&Runnegar B.2011.Pulse of atmospheric oxygen during the late Cambrian.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,108:3876-3881.
• Sandberg P A.1983.An oscillating trend in Phanerozoic non-skeletal carbonate mineralogy.Nature,305:19-22.
• Schlager W&Warrlichw G.2009.Record of sea-level fall in tropical carbonates.Basin Research,21:209-224.
• Schwarzacher W.1993.Cyclostratigraphy and the Milankovitch Theory.Amsterdam:Elsevier,1-255.
• Simmons M D.2012.Sequence Stratigraphy and Sea-Level Change//Gradstein F M,Ogg J G,Schmitz M,Ogg G.The Geologic Time Scale 2012.Amsterdam:Elsevier,239-267.
• Sloss L.1963.Sequences in the cratonic interior of North America.GSABulletin,74:93-113.
• Spence G H&Tucker M E.2007.A proposed integrated multi-signature model for peritidal cycles in carbonates.Journal of Sedimentary Research,77:797-808.
• Stanley S M&Hardie L A.1998,Secular oscillations in the carbonate mineralogy of reef-building and sediment-producing organisms driven by tectonically forced shifts in seawater chemistry:Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,144:3-19.
• Strasser A,Hilgen F J&Heckel P H.2006.Cyclostratigraphy:concepts,definitions,and applications.Newsletters Stratigraphy,42:75-114.
• Tucker M E&Wright V P.1990.Carbonate Sedimentology.London:Blackwell Science,1-492.
• Vail P R,Mitchum Jr R M,Thompson III S,Sangree J B,Bubb J N&Hatlelid W G.1977.Seismic stratigraphy and global changes of sea level,part 3:relative changes of sea level from coastal onlap//Payton C E(Ed.).Seismic Stratigraphy-Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration.AAPG Memoir,26:63-81.
• Van Wagoner J C,Mitchum R M,Posamentier H W&Vail P R.1987.An overview of sequence stratigraphy and key definitions//Bally A W.Atlas of Seismic Stratigraphy,volume 1.AAPG Studies in Geology,27:11-14.
• Wilgus C K,Hastings B S,Kendall C G St C,Posamentier H W,Ross CA&Van Wagoner J C.1988.Sea Level Changes-An Integrated Approach.Special Publication of Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists(SEPM),42:39-45.
• Williams H D,Burgess P M,Wright V P,Porta G D&Granjeon D.2011.Investigating carbonate platform types:Multiple controls and a continuum of geometries.Journal of Sedimentary Research,81:18-37.
• Zecchin M.2010.Towards the standardization of sequence stratigraphy:Is the parasequence concept to be redefined or abandoned?.Earth-Science Reviews,102:117-119.
• Zhu M Y,Zhang J M,Li G X&Yang A H.2004.Evolution of C isotopes in the Cambrian of China:Implications for Cambrian subdivision and trilobite mass extinctions.Geobios,37:287-310.
• Zhu M Y,Peng S C&Babcock L E.2006.Advances in Cambrian stratigraphy and paleontology:Integrating correlation techniques,paleobiology,taphonomy and paleoenvironmental reconstruction.Palaeoworld,15:217-222.