中国南方洞穴早更新世巨猿—中华乳齿象动物群磁性地层学研究MAGNETOSTRATIGRAPHIC RESEARCH ON EARLY PLEISTOCENE GIGANTOPITHECUS—SINOMASTODON FAUNAS IN CAVES OF SOUTHERN CHINA
孙蕗,张文秀,李仕虎,邓成龙
摘要(Abstract)：
中国南方广布的岩溶洞穴/裂隙保存有丰富的第四纪哺乳动物化石,是恢复古生物演化过程、重建古环境变迁历史的重要证据。然而,由于洞穴/裂隙堆积物具有沉积连续性较差、厚度较薄、横向变化快、碳酸盐岩比例极高等特点,一些第四纪常用的测年方法往往无法单独对其进行准确约束,特别是早更新世洞穴/裂隙动物群的年代往往极度依赖生物年代学的粗略判断。基于建立第四纪高分辨率地层年代对比框架的客观需求和多种相关测年手段的改进与应用,近年来以“巨猿—中华乳齿象动物群”为代表的部分早更新世洞穴/裂隙地点的年代已由多种测年方法进行了研究,并逐步厘清了它们的年代序列。不过,随之而来也有不同时期、不同研究方法的定年结果之间的矛盾,不利于统一、精确的生物年代框架的建立。与在中国北方风成黄土/古土壤、河湖相沉积序列中的广泛运用不同,磁性地层学手段在洞穴/裂隙堆积物测年运用方面受到了诸多限制,不过仍从少数早更新世地点得到了可靠的、对约束其时代具有关键意义的数据,并通过与其他绝对测年结果交叉验证,精确限定了沉积序列及动物群的年龄范围。本文通过总结“巨猿—中华乳齿象动物群”的地理分布与已有的测年结果,从磁性地层学研究的视角,以其中8个早更新世洞穴/裂隙地点为例,结合最新的绝对测年结果,讨论并修正其年龄框架,分析了部分分歧产生的可能原因,同时也为未来磁性地层学手段在洞穴/裂隙堆积物测年方面的合理运用提出了看法。
关键词(KeyWords)： 磁性地层学;岩石磁学;巨猿—中华乳齿象动物群;洞穴/裂隙堆积物;第四纪
基金项目(Foundation): 国家重点研发计划(2023YFF0804503);; 国家自然科学基金(42374094);; 东华理工大学博士科研启动基金(DHBK2019049)共同资助
作者(Author): 孙蕗,张文秀,李仕虎,邓成龙
DOI: 10.19839/j.cnki.dcxzz.2025.0032
参考文献(References)：
- 陈铁梅,杨全,陈琪,胡艳秋.2000.巫山县龙骨坡地层的电子自旋共振测年[J].人类学学报,19(1):17-20.
- 程捷.2006.再论“建始人”时代[J].地层学杂志,30(2):187-189.
- 程捷,高振纪,郑绍华,张兆群,刘丽萍,冯晓波,王晓宁.2003.鄂西高坪龙骨洞地层形成环境的研究[J].现代地质,17(3):268-274.
- 程捷,高振纪,郑绍华,张兆群,刘丽萍,冯晓波,王晓宁.2004.鄂西地区一个含早期人类和巨猿化石的新地层单位:高坪组[J].地层学杂志,28(3):223-229.
- 程捷,郑绍华,高振纪,张兆群,冯晓波,王晓宁.2006.鄂西地区早期人类和巨猿生存环境研究[J].地质学报,80(4):473-480.
- 邓成龙,郝青振,郭正堂,朱日祥.2019.中国第四纪综合地层和时间框架[J].中国科学:地球科学,49(1):330-352.
- 董为,白炜鹏.2021.中国境内与巨猿伴生的偶蹄类化石[J].人类学学报,40(3):490-502.
- 董为,王元,白炜鹏,张颖奇,刘金毅,金昌柱.2020.广西崇左缺缺洞早更新世晚期堆积中与巨猿伴生的偶蹄类[J].人类学学报,39(2):306-318.
- 董为,张颖奇.2022.更新世代表性哺乳动物群的生物年代排序及与测年值的对比[J].第四纪研究,42(5):1227-1246.
- 胡海虔,黄万波,魏光飚,代辉,熊璨,何树兴,姜涛.2024.重庆武隆早更新世地层中发现巨猿化石[J].人类学学报,43(5):701-711.
- 黄万波.2000.中国的洞穴与裂隙堆积[J].第四纪研究,20(2):155-164.
- 黄万波,方其仁,顾玉珉．1991.巫山猿人遗址[M]．北京:海洋出版社.
- 季文婷,郭盛乔,郄文昆.2018.国际第四纪年代地层研究进展[J].地层学杂志,42(2):191-205.
- 金昌柱,潘文石,张颖奇,蔡演军,徐钦琦,唐治路,王頠,王元,刘金毅,秦大公,Edwards R L,Cheng H.2009b.广西崇左江州木榄山智人洞古人类遗址及其地质时代[J].科学通报,54(19):2848-2856.
- 金昌柱,秦大公,潘文石,唐治路,刘金毅,王元,邓成龙,王頠,张颖奇,董为,同号文.2009a.广西崇左三合大洞新发现的巨猿动物群及其性质[J].科学通报,54(6):765-773.
- 金昌柱,郑家坚,王元,徐钦琦.2008.中国南方早更新世主要哺乳动物群层序对比和动物地理[J].人类学学报,27(4):304-317.
- 李超荣.2014.海南考古的结缘地:昌江[J].化石,(4):55-62.
- 李华梅.1974.地磁场倒转和古地磁年表[J].地质地球化学,2(12):1-7.
- 李颖,罗武干,杨益民,汪筱林.2024.古生物化石的风化机理与保护研究进展[J].地质论评,70(6):2428-2438.
- 刘椿,金增信,朱日祥,杨洪.1991.中国最早人类化石地层年龄的测定:巫山下更新统磁性地层学研究[J].第四纪研究,11(3):221-228.
- 刘东生,施雅风,王汝建,赵泉鸿,翦如湣,成鑫荣,汪品先,王苏民,袁宝印,吴新智,邱占祥,徐钦琦,黄万波,黄慰文,安芷生,鹿化煜.2000.以气候变化为标志的中国第四纪地层对比表[J].第四纪研究,20(2):108-128.
- 刘嘉麒,王文远.1997.第四纪地质定年与地质年表[J].第四纪研究,17(3):193-202.
- 裴文中.1962.广西柳城巨猿洞及其他山洞的第四纪哺乳动物[J].古脊椎动物与古人类,6(3):211-218.
- 彭善池.2009.第四系的正式地位和定义初步确定[J].地层学杂志,33(3):298-301.
- 全国地层委员会.2017.中国地层指南及中国地层指南说明书(2016年版)[M].北京:地质出版社.
- 邵庆丰,韩非,Bahain J-J.2016.华南早更新世巨猿动物群的ESR/U-系年代[J].第四纪研究,36(5):1224-1235.
- 施林峰.2006.“鄂西地区一个含早期人类和巨猿化石的新地层单位:高坪组”的商榷[J].地层学杂志,30(2):183-186.
- 施林峰,王喜生,杨振宇.2007.鄂西建始龙骨洞含古人类化石沉积层磁性年代学再研究[J].地层学杂志,31(4):400-406.
- 孙蕗,邓成龙,郝青振,刘彩彩,易亮,刘平,高新勃,熊建国,杨石霞,葛俊逸.2021.中国第四纪岩石地层划分和对比[J].地层学杂志,45(3):440-459.
- 王頠,Potts R,侯亚梅,陈运发,吴华英,袁宝印,黄慰文.2005.广西布兵盆地么会洞新发现的早更新世人类化石[J].科学通报,50(17):1879-1883.
- 王頠,田丰,莫进尤.2007.广西布兵盆地么会洞发现的巨猿牙齿化石[J].人类学学报,26(4):329-343.
- 王伟.2020.利用古蛋白技术分析巨猿演化地位的评述[J].人类学学报,39(4):717-726.
- 王元,秦大公,严亚玲,金昌柱.2016.广西崇左泊岳山巨猿洞早更新世的鼠科化石[J].人类学学报,35(4):561-571.
- 肖国桥,詹涛,葛俊逸.2010.地磁极性年表的发展回顾[J].地球科学进展,25(4):365-373.
- 许春华,韩康信,王令红.1974.鄂西巨猿化石及共生的动物群[J].古脊椎动物与古人类,12(4):293-309.
- 姚艳燕,黄胜敏,廖卫,李金燕,张一景,莫进尤,王伟.2025.广西吹风洞早更新世动物群的埋藏学[J].人类学学报,44(3):514-528.
- 姚玉鹏,刘羽.2010.第四纪作为地质年代和地层单位的国际争议与最终确立[J].地球科学进展,25(7):775-781.
- 尹秋珍,郭正堂.2006.中国南方的网纹红土与东亚季风的异常强盛期[J].科学通报,51(2):186-193.
- 袁复礼,杜恒俭.1984.中国新生代生物地层学[M].北京:地质出版社.
- 张银运.1983.步氏巨猿牙齿大小上的变异性和南方古猿类食性假说[J].人类学学报,2(3):205-217.
- 张银运,王令红,董兴仁,陈文俊.1975.广西巴马发现的巨猿牙齿化石[J].古脊椎动物与古人类,13(3):148-153,201.
- 张颖奇.2024.步氏巨猿研究九十年的回顾与展望[J].人类学学报,43(6):1006-1026.
- 章森桂,严惠君,张允白.2013.“国际年代地层表”(2013)介绍[J].地层学杂志,37(3):349-352.
- 赵凌霞,金昌柱,秦大公,潘文石.2008.广西崇左三合大洞新发现的巨猿牙齿化石及其演化意义[J].第四纪研究,28(6):1138-1144.
- 郑绍华.2004.建始人遗址[M].北京:科学出版社.
- 周明镇.1957.华南第三纪和第四纪初期哺乳动物群的性质和对比[J].科学通报,2(13):394-400.
- Bocherens H,Schrenk F,Chaimanee Y,Kullmer O,M??rike D,Pushkina D,Jaeger J J.2017.Flexibility of diet and habitat in Pleistocene South Asian mammals:Implications for the fate of the giant fossil ape Gigantopithecus[J].Quaternary International,434:148-155.
- Bo??da??,Griggo C,Hou Y M,Huang W B,Rasse M.2011.Données stratigraphiques,archéologiques et insertion chronologique de la séquence de Longgupo[J].L’Anthropologie,115(1):40-77.
- Bosák P,Pruner P,Kadlec J.2003.Magnetostratigraphy of cave sediments:Application and limits[J].Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica,47(2):301-330.
- Cande S C,Kent D V.1992.A new geomagnetic polarity time scale for the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,97(B10):13917-13951.
- Cande S C,Kent D V.1995.Revised calibration of the geomagnetic polarity timescale for the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,100(B4):6093-6095.
- Ciochon R,Long V T,Larick R,González L,Grün R,de Vos J,Yonge C,Taylor L,Yoshida H,Reagan M.1996.Dated co-occurrence of Homo erectus and Gigantopithecus from Tham Khuyen Cave,Vietnam[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,93(7):3016-3020.
- Cohen K M,Finney S C,Gibbard P L,Fan J X.2013,The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart[J].Episodes,36(3):199-204.
- Deng C,Liu Q,Wang W,Liu C.2007.Chemical overprint on the natural remanent magnetization of a subtropical red soil sequence in the Bose Basin,southern China[J].Geophysical Research Letters,34(22):L22308.
- Edwards T R,Pickering R,Mallett T L,Herries A I R.2023.Challenging the antiquity of the Cradle of Humankind,South Africa:Geochronological evidence restricts the age of Eurotomys bolti and Parapapio to less than 2.3 Ma at Waypoint 160,Bolt’s Farm[J].Journal of Human Evolution,178:103334.
- Farjand A,Zhang Z,Kaakinen A,Bi S,Gibbard P L,Wang L.2023.Rediscovery and stratigraphic calibration of the classic Nihewan Fauna,Hebei Province,China[J].Quaternary International,646:1-10.
- Ge J,Deng C,Shao Q,Wang Y,Tang R,Zhao B,Cheng X,Jin C,Olsen JW.2021.Magnetostratigraphic and uranium-series dating of fossiliferous cave sediments in Jinyuan Cave,Liaoning Province,northeast China[J].Quaternary International,591:5-14.
- Goldscheider N,Chen Z,Auler A S,Bakalowicz M,Broda S,Drew D,Hartmann J,Jiang G,Moosdorf N,Stevanovic Z,Veni G.2020.Global distribution of carbonate rocks and karst water resources[J].Hydrogeology Journal,28:1661-1677.
- Gorodetskaya O,Hsieh M L,Guo L X,Chiu P H.2022.PaleolithicNeolithic transition and late-to-postglacial climate change in East Asia:A review of archaeological data from karst caves in Southern China[J].Quaternary International,610:20-37.
- Haddad-Martim P M,Hubbe A,Giannini P C F,Auler A S,PilóL B,Hubbe M,Mayer E,Wang X,Cheng H,Edwards R L,Neves W A.2017.Quaternary depositional facies in cave entrances and their relation to landscape evolution:The example of Cuvieri Cave,eastern Brazil[J].Catena,157:372-387.
- Han F,Bahain J J,Bo??da??,Hou Y,Huang W,Falguères C,Rasse M,Wei G,Garcia T,Shao Q,Yin G.2012.Preliminary results of combined ESR/U-series dating of fossil teeth from Longgupo cave,China[J].Quaternary Geochronology,10:436-442.
- Han F,Bahain J J,Deng C,Bo??da??,Hou Y,Wei G,Huang W,Garcia T,Shao Q,He C,Falguères C,Voinchet P,Yin G.2017.The earliest evidence of hominid settlement in China:Combined electron spin resonance and uranium series (ESR/U-series) dating of mammalian fossil teeth from Longgupo cave[J].Quaternary International,434:75-83.
- Han F,Bahain J J,Shao Q,Voinchet P,Tang F,Zhou M,Huang M,Yin G.2024.Coupled ESR and U-series dating of the northernmost evidence of Gigantopithecus from Jianshi Longgudong site,China[J].Quaternary Geochronology,83:101573.
- Herries A I R,Reed K E,Kuykendall K L,Latham A G.2006.Speleology and magnetobiostratigraphic chronology of the Buffalo Cave fossil site,Makapansgat,South Africa[J].Quaternary Research,66(2):233-245.
- Hilgen F J,Lourens L J,Van Dam J A.2012.The Neogene period[M]//Gradstein F M,Ogg J G,Schmitz M D,Ogg G M (eds.).The Geologic Time Scale 2012.Amsterdam:Elsevier,923-978.
- Huang W,Ciochon R,Gu Y,Larick R,Fang Q,Schwarcz H,Yonge C,de Vos J,Rink W.1995.Early Homo and associated artefacts from Asia[J].Nature,378(6554):275-278.
- Jin C,Wang Y,Deng C,Harrison T,Qin D,Pan W,Zhang Y,Zhu M,Yan Y.2014.Chronological sequence of the early Pleistocene Gigantopithecus faunas from cave sites in the Chongzuo,Zuojiang River area,South China[J].Quaternary International,354:4-14.
- Li H,Li C,Kuman K.2017.Longgudong,an Early Pleistocene site in Jianshi,South China,with stratigraphic association of human teeth and lithics[J].Science China Earth Sciences,60(3):452-462.
- Liu C,Dupont-Nivet G,Wang W,Deng C.2021.Magnetic response to pedogenesis in aerobic soils of different weathering degree[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,567:110240.
- Liu P,Deng C,Li S,Cai S,Cheng H,Yuan B,Wei Q,Zhu R.2012.Magnetostratigraphic dating of the Xiashagou Fauna and implication for sequencing the mammalian faunas in the Nihewan Basin,North China[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,315-316:75-85.
- Lopatin A V,Maschenko E N,Dac L X.2022.Gigantopithecus blacki(Primates,Ponginae) from the Lang Trang Cave (northern Vietnam):The latest Gigantopithecus in the Late Pleistocene[J].Doklady Biological Sciences,502(1):6-10.
- Mankinen E A,Dalrymple G B.1979.Revised geomagnetic polarity time scale for the interval 0-5 m.y.B.P.[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,84(B2):615-626.
- Mc Dougall I,Brown F H,Cerling T E,Hillhouse J W.1992.A reappraisal of the geomagnetic polarity time scale to 4 Ma using data from the Turkana Basin,East Africa[J].Geophysical Research Letters,19(23):2349-2352.
- Ogg J G.2020.Geomagnetic polarity time scale[M]//Gradstein F M,Ogg JM,Schmitz M D,Ogg G M (eds.).Geologic Time Scale 2020.Amsterdam:Elsevier,159-192.
- Ogg J G,Smith A G.2005.The geomagnetic polarity time scale[M]//Gradstein F M,Ogg J G,Smith A G (eds.).A Geologic Time Scale2004.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,63-86.
- Pan Y,Zhang Y,Yang L,Takai M,Harrison T,Westaway K,Jin C.2023.Preliminary description of a late Middle Pleistocene mammalian fauna prior to the extinction of Gigantopithecus blacki from the Yixiantian Cave,Guangxi ZAR,South China[J].The Anatomical Record,https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25200
- Pilbeam D.1970.Gigantopithecus and the origins of Hominidae[J].Nature,225(5232):516-519.
- Rasse M,Huang W,Bo??da??.2011.Le site de Longgupo dans son environnement géologique et géomorphologique[J].L’Anthropologie,115(1):23-39.
- Rink W J,Wang W,Bekken D,Jones H L.2008.Geochronology of Ailuropoda-Stegodon fauna and Gigantopithecus in Guangxi,southern China[J].Quaternary Research,69(3):377-387.
- Ryan W B F,Carbotte S M,Coplan J O,O’Hara S,Melkonian A,Arko R,Weissel R A,Ferrini V,Goodwillie A,Nitsche F,Bonczkowski J,Zemsky R.2009.Global multi-resolution topography synthesis[J].Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,10(3):2008GC002332.
- Sasowsky I D,White W B,Schmidt V A.1995.Determination of stream-incision rate in the Appalachian plateaus by using cave-sediment magnetostratigraphy[J].Geology,23(5):415-418.
- Shao Q,Bahain J J,Wang W,Zhu M,Voinchet P,Lin M,Douville E.2015.Coupled ESR and U-series dating of early Pleistocene Gigantopithecus faunas at Mohui and Sanhe Caves,Guangxi,southern China[J].Quaternary Geochronology,30:524-528.
- Shao Q,Wang W,Deng C,Voinchet P,Lin M,Zazzo A,Douville E,Dolo JM,Falguères C,Bahain J J.2014.ESR,U-series and paleomagnetic dating of Gigantopithecus fauna from Chuifeng Cave,Guangxi,southern China[J].Quaternary Research,82(1):270-280.
- Shao Q,Wang Y,Voinchet P,Zhu M,Lin M,Rink W J,Jin C,Bahain J J.2017.U-series and ESR/U-series dating of the Stegodon-Ailuropoda fauna at Black Cave,Guangxi,southern China with implications for the timing of the extinction of Gigantopithecus blacki[J].Quaternary International,434:65-74.
- Singer B S.2014.A Quaternary geomagnetic instability time scale[J].Quaternary Geochronology,21:29-52.
- Stock G M,Granger D E,Sasowsky I D,Anderson R S,Finkel R C.2005.Comparison of U-Th,paleomagnetism,and cosmogenic burial methods for dating caves:Implications for landscape evolution studies[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,236(1-2):388-403.
- Sun L,Deng C,Liu C,Ge J,Yang S,Zhang S,Han F,Bahain J J,Rasse M,Bo??da??,Hou Y,Wei G,Huang W.2023.Reassessing the age of the Early Pleistocene Longgupo fauna,southern China:An updated magnetostratigraphic perspective[J].Journal of Quaternary Science,38(3):333-346.
- Sun L,Deng C,Wang W,Liu C,Kong Y,Wu B,Liu S,Ge J,Qin H,Zhu R.2017.Magnetostratigraphy of Plio-Pleistocene fossiliferous cave sediments in the Bubing Basin,southern China[J].Quaternary Geochronology,37:68-81.
- Sun L,Wang Y,Liu C,Zuo T,Ge J,Zhu M,Jin C,Deng C,Zhu R.2014.Magnetochronological sequence of the Early Pleistocene Gigantopithecus faunas in Chongzuo,Guangxi,southern China[J].Quaternary International,354:15-23.
- Sun W,Song J,Yang W,Zheng Y,Li C,Kuang D.2020.Distribution of carbonate rocks and variation analysis of karst water resources in China[J].Carbonates and Evaporites,35(4):121.
- Tu H,Luo L,Deng C,Ou Z,Lai Z,Shen G,Bae C J,Granger D.2022.Isochron 26Al/10Be burial dating of the Xiashagou Fauna in the Nihewan Basin,northern China:Implications for biogeography and early hominin dispersals[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,283:107447.
- Wang W.2009.New discoveries of Gigantopithecus blacki teeth from Chuifeng Cave in the Bubing Basin,Guangxi,South China[J].Journal of Human Evolution,57(3):229-240.
- Wang Y,Jin C Z,Mead J I.2014.New remains of Sinomastodon yangziensis (Proboscidea,Gomphotheriidae) from Sanhe karst Cave,with discussion on the evolution of Pleistocene Sinomastodon in South China[J].Quaternary International,339:90-96.
- Wang Y,Jin C Z,Pan W S,Qin D G,Yan Y L,Zhang Y Q,Liu J Y,Dong W,Deng C L.2017.The Early Pleistocene GigantopithecusSinomastodon fauna from Juyuan karst cave in Boyue Mountain,Guangxi,South China[J].Quaternary International,434(part A):4-16.
- Welker F,Ramos-Madrigal J,Kuhlwilm M,Liao W,Gutenbrunner P,de Manuel M,Samodova D,Mackie M,Allentoft M E,Bacon A M,Collins M J,Cox J,Lalueza-Fox C,Olsen J V,Demeter F,Wang W,Marques-Bonet T,Cappellini E.2019.Enamel proteome shows that Gigantopithecus was an early diverging pongine[J].Nature,576(7786):262-265.
- White W B.2007.Cave sediments and paleoclimate[J].Journal of Cave and Karst Studies,69(1):76-93.
- Yan Y,Wang Y,Jin C,Mead J I.2014.New remains of Rhinoceros(Rhinocerotidae,Perissodactyla,Mammalia) associated with Gigantopithecus blacki from the Early Pleistocene Yanliang Cave,Fusui,South China[J].Quaternary International,354:110-121.
- Zhang Y,Harrison T.2017.Gigantopithecus blacki:A giant ape from the Pleistocene of Asia revisited[J].American Journal of Physical Anthropology,162(S63):153-177.
- Zhang Y,Jin C,Cai Y,Kono R,Wang W,Wang Y,Zhu M,Yan Y.2014.New 400-320 ka Gigantopithecus blacki remains from Hejiang Cave,Chongzuo City,Guangxi,South China[J].Quaternary International,354:35-45.
- Zhang Y,Kono R T,Wang W,Harrison T,Takai M,Ciochon R L,Jin C.2015.Evolutionary trend in dental size in Gigantopithecus blacki revisited[J].Journal of Human Evolution,83:91-100.
- Zhang Y,Westaway K E,Haberle S,Lubeek J K,Bailey M,Ciochon R,Morley M W,Roberts P,Zhao J X,Duval M,Dosseto A,Pan Y,Rule S,Liao W,Gully G A,Lucas M,Mo J,Yang L,Cai Y,Wang W,Joannes-Boyau R.2024.The demise of the giant ape Gigantopithecus blacki[J].Nature,625(7995):535-539.
- Zhao L X,Zhang L Z.2013.New fossil evidence and diet analysis of Gigantopithecus blacki and its distribution and extinction in South China[J].Quaternary International,286:69-74.
- Zhao L X,Zhang L Z,Zhang F S,Wu X Z.2011.Enamel carbon isotope evidence of diet and habitat of Gigantopithecus blacki and associated mammalian megafauna in the Early Pleistocene of South China[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,56(33):3590-3595.
- Zhu R,An Z,Potts R,Hoffman K A.2003.Magnetostratigraphic dating of early humans in China[J].Earth-Science Reviews,61(3-4):341-359.