王文倩,王伟,冯先翠,刘欣春,叶法丞,陈毅凤,刘静,陈孝政

• 1:中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所
• 2:中国科学院大学
• 3:中国科学院广州地球化学研究所
• 4:成都理工大学

摘要(Abstract)：

锶同位素地层学是稳定同位素地球化学方法在地层学中的重要应用。本文基于87Sr/86Sr在地球历史中的特殊演化规律,以二叠系乐平统为例介绍了锶同位素地层学的研究方法、技术路线以及在地层学研究中需要关注的问题,特别是详细介绍了样品采集、化学预处理、分析测试仪器设备的选择,以及后期数据处理等方法和这些方法在使用中存在的问题、解决方案和简要理论依据。作为重要的化学地层学方法之一,锶同位素地层学可以为地层的划分和对比,及相关的古环境、古构造、古海洋等的研究提供新的依据和研究手段,而且对缺乏生物地层资料的剖面的断代、划分和对比提供了一种可靠的方法。

关键词(KeyWords)： 锶同位素地层学;古环境;古海洋;古构造;乐平统;二叠系

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 国家自然科学基金委员会(41227801,41273004,41003028);; 科技部(2011CB808905);; 中国科学院相关项目的资助

作者(Author): 王文倩,王伟,冯先翠,刘欣春,叶法丞,陈毅凤,刘静,陈孝政

DOI: 10.19839/j.cnki.dcxzz.2014.04.004

参考文献(References)：

• 常晓琳,石和,罗威,宋莹,万明礼.2010.川东地区下—中三叠统的锶同位素曲线及年代地层划分.成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),37(1):9-14.
• 董桂玉,陈洪德,何幼斌,秦志勇,罗进雄,辛长静.2007.陆源碎屑与碳酸盐混合沉积研究中的几点思考.地球科学进展,22(9):931-939.
• 国际地层委员会.2013.国际年代地层表.地层学杂志,37(3):257-258.
• 胡作维,黄思静,王庆东,王春梅,郜晓勇.2007.川东下三叠统飞仙关组-嘉陵江组界线附近的锶同位素组成.地层学杂志,31(4):354-360.
• 黄可可,黄思静,兰叶芳,胡作维.2013.早三叠世海相碳酸盐碳同位素研究进展.地球科学进展,28(3):357-365.
• 黄思静,黄喻,兰叶芳,黄可可.2012.四川盆地东北部晚二叠世—早三叠世白云岩与同期海水锶同位素组成的对比研究.岩石学报,27(12);3831-3842.
• 黄思静,石和,沈立成,张萌,武文慧.2004a.西藏晚白垩世锶同位素曲线的全球对比及海相地层的定年.中国科学:D辑,34(4):335-344.
• 黄思静,石和张.2004b.锶同位素地层学在奥陶系海相地层定年中的应用———以塔里木盆地塔中12井为例.沉积学报,22(1):1-5.
• 黄思静,石和,张萌,沈立成,刘洁,武文慧.2001.上扬子石炭—二叠纪海相碳酸盐的锶同位素演化与全球海平面变化.沉积学报,19(4):481-487.
• 黄思静,孙治雷,吴素娟,张萌,裴昌蓉,胡作维.2006.三叠纪全球海水的锶同位素组成及主要控制因素.矿物岩石,26(1):43-48.
• 黄思静,吴素娟,孙治雷,裴昌蓉,胡作维.2005.中新生代海水锶同位素演化和古海洋事件.地学前缘,12(2):134-141.
• 黄思静.1997.上扬子地台区晚古生代海相碳酸盐岩的碳、锶同位素研究.地质学报,71(1):45-53.
• 黄喻,黄思静.2009.上扬子晚古生代海相地层锶同位素曲线的LOWESS拟合.矿物岩石,29(1):74-79.
• 黄喻.2007.LOWESS方法在同位素地层学中的应用[硕士学位论文].成都:成都理工大学数学系.1-49.
• 金玉玕,张进,尚庆华.1995.前乐平统海洋动物灾变事件.古生物学报,34(4):410-428.
• 刘英俊.1984.元素地球化学.北京:科学出版社.1-548.
• 石和,黄思静.2002.川黔上古生界锶同位素演化曲线的地层学意义.地层学杂志,26(2):106-110.
• 王伟,陈孝政,刘欣春,曹长群,叶法丞,王玥,刘静.2011.海相碳酸盐岩碳同位素地层学研究中存在的问题及建议———以二叠系研究为例.地层学杂志,35(3):305-320.
• 肖加飞,李荣西,王兴理,魏家庸.2009.大贵州滩二叠系-三叠系界线附近锶同位素组成特征.地质论评,55(5):648-653.
• 张萌,黄思静,谢国刚,王麒翔,侯杰.2004.LOWESS在锶同位素地层学中的应用.地球科学与环境学报,26(2):1-5.
• 周瑶琪,柴之芳,毛雪瑛,马淑兰.1990.浙江长兴煤山二叠-三叠系界线Sr同位素异常事件.中国科学院研究生院学报,1:83-88.
• Ali J R,Lo Ching-hua Thompson G M,Song Xie-yan&Wang Yunliang.2002.Emeishan basalts(SW China)and the"endGuadalupian"crisis:magnetobiostratigraphic constraints.Journal of the Geological Society,159(1):21-29.
• Blum J D&Erel Y.1997.Rb Sr isotope systematics of a graniticsoil chronosequence:The importance of biotite weathering.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,61(15):3193-3204.
• Bowring S A,Erwin D H,Jin Yu-gan,Martin M W,Davidek K&Wang Wei.1998.U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of theend-Permian mass extinction.Science,280(5366):1039-1045.
• Brand U.2004.Carbon,oxygen and strontium isotopes in Paleozoiccarbonate components:an evaluation of original seawater-chemistry proxies.Chemical Geology,204(1):23-44.
• Brand U,Tazawa J I,Sano H,Azmy K&Lee X.2009.Is mid-latePaleozoic ocean-water chemistry coupled with epeiric seawater isotope records?Geology,37(9):823-826.
• Burke W H,Denison R E,Hetherington E A,Koepnick R B,Nelson H F&Otto J B.1982.Variation of seawater 87Sr/86Srthroughout Phanerozoic time.Geology,10(10):516-519.
• Cao Chang-qun,Yang Yun-cong,Shen Shu-zhong,Wang Wei,Zheng Quan-feng&Summons R E.2010.Pattern ofδ13C carband implications for geological events during the Permian-Triassic transition in South China.Geological Journal,45(2-3):186-194.
• Charette M A&Smith Walter H F.2010.What is The volume ofEarth's ocean.Oceanography,23(2):112-114.
• Clapham M E&Payne J L.2011.Acidification,anoxia,and extinction:A multiple logistic regression analysis of extinction selectivity during the Middle and Late Permian.Geology,39(11):1059-1062.
• Clapham M E,Shen Shu-zhong&Bottjer D J.2009.The doublemass extinction revisited:reassessing the severity,selectivity,and causes of the end-Guadalupian biotic crisis(Late Permian).Paleobiology,35(1):32-50.
• Denison R E,Koepnick R B,Burke W H,Hetherington E A&Fletcher A.1994.Construction of the Mississippian,Pennsylvanian and Permian seawater 87Sr/86Sr curve.Chemical Geology,112(1):145-167.
• Depaolo D J&Ingram B L.1985.High-resolution stratigraphy withstrontium isotopes.Science,227(4689):938-941.
• Derry L A&France-Lanord C.1997.Himalayan weathering and erosion fluxes:climate and tectonic controls∥Ruddiman WilliamF ed.Tectonic uplift and climate change.New York:PlenumPress.289-312.
• Elderfield H.1986.Strontium isotope stratigraphy.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,57(1):71-90.
• Farrell J W,Clemens S C&Gromet L P.1995.Improved chronostratigraphic reference curve of late Neogene seawater 87Sr/86Sr.Geology,23(5):403-406.
• Faure G.1986.Principles of isotope geology(second edition).NewYork:Wiley.1-589.
• Faure G,Assereto R&Tremba E L.1978.Strontium isotope composition of marine carbonates of Middle Triassic to Early Jurassic age,Lombardic Alps,Italy.Sedimentology,25(4):523-543.
• Goddéris Y&Franois L M.1995.The Cenozoic evolution of thestrontium and carbon cycles:relative importance of continentalerosion and mantle exchanges.Chemical Geology,126(2):169-190.
• Grossman E L,Mii H S,Zhang C&Yancey T E.1996.Chemicalvariation in Pennsylvanian brachiopod shells;diagenetic,taxonomic,microstructural,and seasonal effects.Journal of Sedimentary Research,66(5):1011-1022.
• Hellmann K N&Lippolt H J.1981.Calibration of the Middle Tiassic time scale by conventional k-ar and Ar-40/Ar-39 dating of alkali feldspars.Journal of Geophysics-zeitschrift fur Geophysik,50(2),73-88.
• Hallam A&Wignall P B.1999.Mass extinctions and sea-levelchanges.Earth-Science Reviews,48(4):217-250.
• Hallam A&Wignall P B.1997.Mass extinctions and their aftermath.Oxford University Press.1-320.
• He Bin,Xu Yi-gang&Zhong Yu-ting.2010.The GuadalupianLopingian boundary mudstones at Chaotian(SW China)areclastic rocks rather than acidic tuffs:Implication for a temporalcoincidence between the end-Guadalupian mass extinction andthe Emeishan volcanism.Lithos,119(1):10-19.
• Hodell D A,Mead G A&Mueller P A.1990.Variation in thestrontium isotopic composition of seawater(8 Ma to present):Implications for chemical weathering rates and dissolved fluxesto the oceans.Chemical Geology:Isotope Geoscience section,80(4):291-307.
• Hodell D A,Mueller P A&Garrido J R.1991.Variations in thestrontium isotopic composition of seawater during the Neogene.Geology,19(1):24-27.
• Hodell D A,Mueller P A,McKenzie J A&Mead G A.1989.Strontium isotope stratigraphy and geochemistry of the late Neogene ocean.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,92(2):165-178.
• Howarth R J&McArthur J M.1997.Statistics for strontium isotope stratigraphy:a robust LOWESS fit to the marine Sr-isotope curve for 0to 206Ma,with look-up table for derivation ofnumeric age.The Journal of Geology,105(4):441-456.
• Iranian-Japanese Research Group.1981.The Permian and the Lower Triassic systems in Abadeh region,Central Iran.Memoirs ofthe Faculty of Science,Kyoto University(Series on Geologyand Mineralogy)47:66-133.
• Isozaki Y,Kawahata H&Ota A.2007.A unique carbon isotoperecord across the Guadalupian-Lopingian(Middle-Upper Permian)boundary in mid-oceanic paleo-atoll carbonates:the highproductivity"Kamura event"and its collapse in Panthalassa.Global and Planetary Change,55(1):21-38.
• Isozaki Y.1997.Permo-Triassic boundary superanoxia and stratifiedsuperocean:records from lost deep sea.Science,276(5310):235-238.
• Jenkyns H C,Jone,C E,Grcke D R,Hesselbo S P&Parkinson DN.2002.Chemostratigraphy of the Jurassic System:applications,limitations and implications for palaeoceanography.Journal of the Geological Society,159(4):351-378.
• Jin Yu-gan,Glenister B F,Kotlyar G V&Sheng Jin-zhang.1994a.An operational scheme of Permian chronostratigraphy.Paleoworld,4:1-14.
• Jin Yu-gan,Zhang J&Shang Qing-hua.1994b.Two phases of theend-Permian mass extinction.Canadian Society of PetroleumGeologist.Memoir:813-822.
• Jin Yu-gan,Mei Shi-long,Wang Wei,Wang Xiang-dong,Shen Shuzhong,Shang Qing-hua&Chen Z Q.1998.On the Lopingianseries of the Permian system,Paleoworld 9:1-18.
• Jin Yu-gan&Shang Qing-hua.2000.The Permian of China and itsinterregional correlation.Developments in Palaeontology andStratigraphy,18:71-98.
• Jin Yu-gan,Shang Qing-hua,Wang Xiang-dong,Wang Yue&Sheng Jin-zhang.1999.Chronostratigraphic subdivision andcorrelation of the Permian in China.Acta Geologica Sinica-English Edition,73(2):127-138.
• Jin Yu-gan,Shen Shu-zhong,Henderson C M,Wang Xiang-dong,Wang Wei,Wang Yue,Cao Chang-qun&Shang Qing-hua.2006.The Global Stratotype Section and Point(GSSP)for theboundary between the Capitanian and Wuchiapingian stage(Permian).Episodes,29(4):253-262.
• Jones C E,Jenkyns H C,Coe A L&Stephen H P.1994.Strontium isotopic variations in Jurassic and Cretaceous seawater.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,58(14):3061-3074.
• Kani T,Fukui M,Isozaki Yet al.2008.The Paleozoic minimumof87 Sr/86Sr ratio in the Capitanian(Permian)mid-oceanic carbonates:A critical turning point in the Late Paleozoic.Journalof Asian Earth Sciences,32(1):22-33.
• Kani T,Hisanabe C&Isozaki Y.2013.The Capitanian(Permian)minimum of 87Sr/86Sr ratio in the mid-Panthalassan paleo--atoll carbonates and its demise by the deglaciation and continentaldoming.Gondwana Research,24(1):212-221.
• Koepnick R B,Burke W H,Denison R E,Hetherington E A,Nelson H F,Otto J B&Waite L E.1985.Construction of the seawater 87Sr/86Sr curve for the Cenozoic and Cretaceous:Supporting data.Chemical Geology:Isotope Geoscience section,58(1):55-81.
• Korte C,Kozur H W,Bruckschen P&Veizer J.2003.Strontium isotope evolution of Late Permian and Triassic seawater.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,67(1):47-62.
• Korte C,Kozur HW,Joachimski M M,Strauss H,Veizer J,Schwark L,2004.Carbon,sulfur,oxygen and strontium isotope records organic geochemistry and biostratigraphy across thePermian/Triassic boundary in Abadeh,Iran.InternationalJournal of Earth Sciences(Geol Rundsch)93,565-581.
• Korte C,Jasper T,Kozur H W&Veizer J.2006.87Sr/86Sr recordof Permian seawater.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,240(1):89-107.
• Korte C,Pande P,Kalia P,Kozur HW,Joachimski M M,Oberhnsli H.2010.Massive volcanism at the Permian-Triassicboundary and its impact on the isotopic composition of the oceanand atmosphere.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 37,293-311.
• Kozur H W,Leven E J,Lozovskij V R,Pjatakova M V.1978.Rasclenenie pokonodontam pogranicnych sloev permi i triasaZakavkazja.Bjul MOIP,otd geol,5,pp.15-24.
• Lai Xu-long,Wang Wei,Wignall P B,Bond D P G,Jiang Hai-shui,Ali J R,John E H&Sun Ya-dong.2008.Palaeoenvironmentalchange during the end-Guadalupian(Permian)mass extinctionin Sichuan,China.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,269(1):78-93.
• Leven E J&Taheri A.2003.Carboniferous-Permian stratigraphyand fusulinids of East Iran.Gzhelian and Asselian deposits ofthe Ozbak-Kuh region.Rivista Italiana di paleontologia e stratigrafia,109(3):399-415.
• Liu Xin-chun,Wang Wei,Shen Shu-zhong,Gorgij M N,Zhang Yichun,Furuyama S,Kano A&Chen Xiao-zheng.2013.LateGuadalupian to Lopingian(Permian)carbon and strontium isotopic chemostratigraphy in the Abadeh section,central Iran.Gondwana Research,24(1):222-232.
• Magaritz M,Krishnamurthy R V&Holser W T.1992.Paralleltrends in organic and inorganic carbon isotopes across the Permian/Triassic boundary.American Journal of Science,292(10):727-739.
• Martin E E&Macdougall J D.1995.Sr and Nd isotopes at thePrmian/Tiassic boundary:A record of climate change.Chemical Geology,125(1):73-99.
• McArthur J.1994.Recent trends in strontium isotope stratigraphy.Terra Review,6(4):331-358.
• McArthur J M,Howarth R J&Bailey T R.2001.Strontium isotope stratigraphy:LOWESS version 3:best fit to the marineSr-Isotope curve for 0~509Ma and accompanying look-up tablefor deriving numerical age.The Journal of Geology,109(2):155-170.
• McArthur J M&Howarth R J.2004.Strontium isotope stratigraphy∥Gradstein F M,Ogg J G&Smith A G eds.A GeologicalTimescale 2004,Cambridge:CUP.96-105.
• McArthur J M,Howarth R J&Shield.2012.Strontium isotopestratigraphy∥Gradstein F M,Ogg J G,Schmitz M D&Ogg GB eds.The geologic time scale.Waltham:Elsevier Science Ltd.127-144.
• McCauley S E&DePaolo D J 1997.The marine 87Sr/86Sr andδ18 Orecords,Himalayan alkalinity fluxes,and Cenozoic climatemodels∥Ruddiman W F ed.Tectonic uplift and climate change.New York:Plenum Press.427-467.
• Mei Shi-long,Zhang Ke-xin&Wardlaw B R.1998.A refined succession of Changhsingian and Griesbachian neogondolelld conodonts from the Meishan section,candidate of the global stratotype section and point of the Permian-Triassic boundary.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,143(4):213-226.
• Menning M,Alekseev A S,Chuvashov B I,Davydov V I,DevuystF X,Forke H C,Grunt T A,Hance L,Heckel P H&Izokh NG.2006.Global time scale and regional stratigraphic referencescales of central and west Europe,east Europe,Tethys,southChina,and North America as used in the Devonian-Carboniferous-Permian Correlation Chart 2003(DCP 2003).Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,240(1):318-372.
• Mii H S,Grossman E L&Yancey T E.1997.Stable carbon andoxygen isotope shifts in Permian seas of West Spitsbergen-Global change or diagenetic artifact.Geology,25(3):227-230.
• Mount J F.1984.Mixing of siliciclastic and carbonate sediments inshallow shelf environments.Geology,12(7):432-435.
• Nishioka S,Arakawa Y&Kobayash Y.1991.Strontium isotopeprofile of Carboniferous-Permian Akiyoshi Limestone in southwest Japan.Geochemical Journal,25(3):137-146.
• Ota A&Isozaki Y.2006.Fusuline biotic turnover across theGuadalupian-Lopingian(Middle-Upper Permian)boundary inmid-oceanic carbonate buildups:biostratigraphy of accretedlimestone in Japan.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,26(3):353-368.
• Palmer M R&Elderfield H.1985.Sr isotope composition of seawater over the past 75 Myr.Nature,314:526-528.
• Peterman Z E,Hedge C E&Tourtelot H A.1970.Isotopic composition of strontium in sea water throughout Phanerozoic time.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,34(1):105-120.
• Richoz S.2006.Stratigraphie et variations isotopiques du carbonedans le Permien supérieur et le Trias inférieur de quelqueslocalitésdela Néotéthys(Turquie,Oman et Iran).Mémoire deGé-ologie de Lausanne 46,1-275.
• Richoz S,Krystyn L,Baud A,Brandner R,Horacek M&MohtatAghai P.2010.Permian-Triassic boundary interval in the Middle East(Iran and N.Oman):progressive environmentalchange from detailed carbonate carbon isotope marine curve andsedimentary evolution.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,39(4):236-253.
• Richter F M,Rowley D B&DePaolo D J.1992.Sr isotope evolution of seawater:the role of tectonics.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,109(1):11-23.
• Shao L Y,Zhang P F,Dou J W&Shen S Z.2000.Carbon isotopecompositions of the Late Permian carbonate rocks in southernChina:their variations between the Wujiaping and Changxingformations.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology.161:179-192.
• Shen Shu-zhong&Mei Shi-long.2010.Lopingian(Late Permian)high-resolution conodont biostratigraphy in Iran with comparison to South China zonation.Geological Journal,45(2-3):135-161.
• Shen Shu-zhong&Shi G R.2009.Latest Guadalupian brachiopodsfrom the Guadalupian/Lopingian boundary GSSP section at Penglaitan in Laibin,Guangxi,South China and implications for thetiming of the pre-Lopingian crisis.Palaeoworld,18(2):152-161.
• Shen Shu-zhong,Crowley J L,Wang Yue,Bowring S A,Erwin DH,Sadler P M,Cao Chang-qun,Rothman D H,Henderson CM,Ramezani Jahandar,Zhang Hua,Shen Yan-an,WangXiang-dong,Wang Wei,Mu Lin,Li Wen-zhong,Tang Yuegang,Liu Xiao-lei,Liu Lu-jun,Zeng Yong,Jiang Yao-fa&JinYu-gan.2011.Calibrating the end-Permian mass extinction.Science,334(6061):1367-1372.
• Sheng Jin-zhang&Jin Yu-gan.1994.Correlation of Permian deposits in China.Palaeoworld,4:14-113.
• Smalley P C,Higgins A C,Howarth R J,Nicholson H,Jones C E,Swinburne N H M&Bessa J.1994.Seawater Sr isotope variations through time:aprocedure for constructing a referencecurve to date and correlate marine sedimentary rocks.Geology,22(5):431-434.
• Stanley S M&Yang Xiang-ning.1994.A double mass extinction atthe end of the Paleozoic era.Science,266(5189),1340-1344.
• Stevenson E I,Hermoso M,Rickaby R E,Tyler J J,Minoletti F,Parkinson I J,Mokadem F&Burton K W.2014.Controls onStable strontium isotope fractionation in coccolithophores withimplications for the marine Sr cycle.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,128:225-235.
• Stoll H M&Schrag D P.1998.Effects of Quaternary sea level cycles on strontium in seawater.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,62(7):1107-1118.
• Svensen H,Planke S,Polozov A G,Schmidbauer N,Corfu F,Podladchikov Y Y&Jamtveit B.2009.Siberian gas venting andthe end-Permian environmental crisis.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,277(3):590-600.
• Tomassetti L&Brandano M.2013.Sea level changes recorded inmixed siliciclastic-carbonate shallow-water deposits:The Cala diLabra Formation(Burdigalian,Corsica).Sedimentary Geology,294:58-67.
• Veizer J&Compston W.1974.87Sr/86 Sr composition of seawaterduring the Phanerozoic.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,38(9):1461-1484.
• Veizer J&Compston W.1976.87Sr/86 Sr in Precambrian carbonates as an index of crustal evolution.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,40(8):905-914.
• Veizer J,Ala D,Azmy K,Bruckschen P,Buhl D,Bruhn F,CardenG A F,Diener A,Ebneth S,Godderis Y,Jasper T,Korte C,Pawellek F,Podlaha O G&Strauss H.1999.87Sr/86 Sr,δ13Candδ18 O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater.Chemical Geology,161(1):59-88.
• Veizer J,Buhl D,Diener A,Ebneth S,Podlaha O G,BruckschenP,Jasper T,Korte C,Schaaf M,Ala D&Azmy K.1997.Strontium isotope stratigraphy:potential resolution and eventcorrelation.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,132(1):65-77.
• Wang Wei,Cao Chang-qun&Wang Yue.2004.The carbon isotopeexcursion on GSSP candidate section of Lopingian-Guadalupianboundary.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,220(1):57-67.
• Wang Wei,Kano A,Okumura T,Ma Yong-sheng,Matsumoto R,Matsuda N,Ueno K,Chen Xiao-zheng,Kakuwa Y,Gharaie MH M&Ilkhchi M R.2007.Isotopic chemostratigraphy of themicrobialite-bearing Permian-Triassic boundary section in theZagros Mountains,Iran.Chemical Geology,244(3):708-714.
• Wang Xiang-dong&Sugiyama T.2000.Diversity and extinctionpatterns of Permian coral faunas of China.Lethaia,33(4):285-294.
• Wang Yue&Jin Yu-gan.2000.Permian palaeogeographic evolutionof the Jiangnan Basin,South China.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,160:35-44.
• Weidlich O.2002.Permian reefs re-examined:extrinsic controlmechanisms of gradual and abrupt changes during 40my of reefevolution.Geobios,35:287-294.
• Wignall P B,Sun Ya-dong,Bond D P,Izon G,Newton R J,Védrine S,Widdowson M,Ali J R,Lai Xu-long,Jiang Haishui,Cope H&Bottrell S H.2009a.Volcanism,mass extinction,and carbon isotope fluctuations in the Middle Permian ofChina.Science,324(5931):1179-1182.
• Wignall P B,Védrine S,Bond D P G,Wang Wei,Lai Xu-long,AliJ R&Jiang H S.2009b.Facies analysis and sea-level change atthe Guadalupian-Lopingian Global Stratotype(Laibin,SouthChina),and its bearing on the end-Guadalupian mass extinction.Journal of the Geological Society,166(4):655-666.
• Yang Jin-hui,Wu Fu-yuan,Chung Sun-lin,Wilde S A&Chu M F.2004.Multiple sources for the origin of granites:geochemicaland Nd/Sr isotopic evidence from the Gudaoling granite and itsmafic enclaves,northeast China.Geochimica et CosmochimicaActa,68(21):4469-4483.
• Zhou Mei-fu,Malpas J,Song Xie-yan,Robinson P T,Sun Min,Kennedy A K,Lesher C M&Keays R R.2002.A temporallink between the Emeishan large igneous province(SW China)and the end-Guadalupian mass extinction.Earth and PlanetaryScience Letters,196(3):113-122.