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长鼻目(Proboscidea)是重要的哺乳动物类群,其成员往往成为全球晚新生代重要的地层对比标准化石。在临夏盆地比较连续的晚新生代沉积中,保存了长鼻类在该地区较为完整的演化记录,时代从～19 Ma延续至～1.8 Ma,包括10个属, 16个种。古城动物群(19—17 Ma)作为临夏盆地长鼻类的首次出现,包括‘Choerolophodon’ guangheensis、‘Protanancus’ brevirostris、Gomphotherium cf. angustidens及G. inopinatum。并且与非洲和南亚的长鼻类组合相似。石那奴动物群(17—15 Ma)发现了‘Protanancus’ wimani、Platybelodon tongxinensis和Gomphotherium inopinatum;‘Choerolophodon’的灭绝和Platybelodon的出现是这一时期的重要事件,这一事件并没有反映在非洲和南亚的动物群中,但长鼻类各类群已通过东北亚扩散到北美,以Miomastodon和Gomphotherium为代表。15—11.6 Ma期间的曾家和老沟动物群的长鼻类包括Platybelodon grangeri、Gomphotherium tassyi、Miomastodon gobiensis,其中Platybelodon grangeri取代了‘Protanancus’,并在长鼻类组成中占了绝对的优势。Platybelodon没有扩散到南亚、东南亚及西欧,但扩散到了北美,说明中中新世之前东北亚和北美紧密的动物地理联系,也可能说明中国西北地区较早的干旱化环境。在郭泥沟动物群(11.6—9.8 Ma),长鼻类的组成发生了根本性改变,之前的属种完全灭绝,但首次出现了恐象Prodeinotherium sinense,此外还有? Tetralophodon sp.,可能还有Tetralophodon ? euryrostris。该动物群起源尚不明确,但有可能与中国南方的动物北进有关,并可能是Tortonian极热事件的反映。而大深沟动物群(9.8—8.7 Ma)以? Paratetralophodon robustus、Mammut cf. obliquelophus及Mammut sp.为代表,前两者很可能稍后扩散到欧洲,后者可能与北美Clarendonian期的类群有关,反映出全北界大陆的连通性。这一时期长鼻类虽然稀少,但已经向更新世的现代类型转化。杨家山动物群(8.7—7.2 Ma)中,仅剩Mammut cf. obliquelophus一种长鼻类,并且在此后完全绝迹。然而到龙担和水泉湾动物群(2.6—1.8 Ma),出现了Mammuthus meridionalis这一欧亚大陆北方典型的真象,反映了临夏盆地干冷的大陆性气候的形成。临夏盆地长鼻类的组成和演化记录,对临夏盆地的地层年代起了很好的控制作用,反映出长鼻类演化适应方式和扩散途径,对长鼻类的全球演化扩散和适应提供了重要的参考。
Abstract：Members of Proboscidea are often regarded as excellent markers for stratigraphic correlations because they exhibit a high evolutionary rate and a strong migration ability. In the Linxia Basin, NW China, the Late Cenozoic sediments were relatively continuously deposited. Remarkable records for the evolution of Proboscideans have been revealed from these sediments, covering a long geological period ranging from ～19 Ma to ～1.8 Ma, including 16 species of 10 genera. The earliest records occurred in the Gucheng Fauna of ～19–17 Ma, comprising ‘Choerolophodon' guangheensis, ‘Protanancus' brevirostris, Gomphotherium cf. angustidens, and G. inopinatum. This assemblage resembles the proboscideans of the same age from Africa and South Asia. In the Shinanu Fauna of 17–15 Ma, fossil proboscideans are represented by ‘Protanancus' wimani, Platybelodon tongxinensis, and Gomphotherium inopinatum. The extinctions of ‘Choerolophodon' and appearance of Platybelodon are important events in the local assemblage, but these events are obscure in Africa and South Asia. In the same period, proboscideans had migrated to North America from East Asia represented by Miomastodon and Gomphotherium. In the Zengjia and the following Laogou faunas of 15–11.6 Ma, proboscideans are represented by Platybelodon grangeri, Gomphotherium tassyi, and Miomastodon gobiensis, of which Platybelodon totally replaced ‘Protanancus' and became a dominant taxon in the proboscidean assemblages. Platybelodon did not spead into South to Southeast Asia and West Europe, but successfully migrated to North America, indicating close geographical relationships between Northeast Asia and North America during this period, and also revealing a relative arid climate in the Linxia Basin and NW China. The proboscidean assemblage dramatically changed in the Guonigou Fauna of 11.6–9.8 Ma. The previous taxa were entirely replaced, and a deinothere, Prodeinotherium sinense, appeared unexpectedly, accompanied with ? Tetralophodon sp., and perhaps T. ? euryrostris. This assemblage was possibly originated from South China due probably to the Tortonian Thermal Maximum. Proboscideans from the Dashenggou Fauna of 9.8–8.7 Ma were represented by ? Paratetralophodon robustus, Mammut cf. obliquelophus, and Mammut sp. Later, the former two might spread to Europe, and the latter was close to the North American counterpart of Clarendonian, indicating the close connectivity of the Holarctic after the Late Miocene. Although proboscideans became rare during this period, the derived Mammutids and stem taxa of elephantids appeared. Therefore, the components of proboscideans had transformed to those similar to the modern ones. In the Yangjiashan Fauna of 8.7–7.2 Ma, only one proboscidean, Mammut cf. obliquelophus, remained in the Linxia Basin. In the late ages, proboscideans did not occur until 2.5–1.8 Ma in the Longdan and Shuiquanwan faunas, in which Mammuthus meridionalis, a typical northern Eurasia elephantid, appeared, indicating the establishment of the Pleistocene continental climate and ecosystem in the Linxia Basin. The composition and variation of proboscideans in the Linxia Basin stratigraphy provided good bio-markers of chronostratigraphy and enriched our understanding of their adaptation and migration during the Late Neogene. Therefore, it is important to conduct deep investigation in future on the global evolution of proboscideans.
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基本信息:
DOI：10.19839/j.cnki.dcxzz.2025.0027
中图分类号:P534.6;Q915.2
引用信息:
[1]王世骐,王元,张晓晓,等.临夏盆地长鼻类系列化石记录及其生物地层学意义[J].地层学杂志,2025,49(04):408-431.DOI:10.19839/j.cnki.dcxzz.2025.0027.
基金信息:
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFF0804501); 国家自然科学基金(42402025、42472004、42430207); 中国博士后科学基金面上项目(2024M753179)共同资助
2025-11-26
2025-11-26
2025-11-26